<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8791862814764903320</id><updated>2012-01-30T01:23:20.894-08:00</updated><category term='Z.A Bhuttos Prophetic Statement of 1945'/><category term='BUT HE HAD A BEAUTIFUL WIFE TOO'/><category term='Perfidious Albion and the dirty little secrets of British foreign affairs'/><category term='Pakistan'/><category term='COL IMAM AS I KNEW-BRIGADIER YASUB DOGAR'/><category term='DESTINTY'/><category term='Interview with The Chief Military Adviser in Afghanistan from 1975 to 1979'/><category term='Debate on Mr Jinnahs Role in Kashmir War-Daily Times'/><category term='BOOK REVIEWS BY AGHA H AMIN'/><category term='books'/><category term='Major General Sahibzada Yaqub Ali Khan and Battle of Phillora'/><category term='In Search Of Manwel Dimech-Prashant Bhatt'/><category term='MANS ROLE IN HISTORY'/><category term='Pak Christian Killed For Drinking Tea From Muslim -Muslim Brahmans of Pakistan'/><category term='C.R Aslam'/><category term='LIEUTENANT COLONEL NISAR'/><category term='The Pakistani Strategic Concept of 1971 War'/><category term='RED ARMY'/><category term='FATA-How a whole area became a terror sacnctuary with State Policy'/><category term='How the USA treats its war heroes and how it treats crooks of Wall Street'/><category term='INSURGENCY IN IRANIAN BALOCHISTAN-DECEMBER 2008 ASSESSMENT'/><category term='Time to get serious about combating Climate Change denial'/><category term='PREDETERMINATION'/><category term='CHILLIANWALA-AN ANALYSIS OF BRITISH LIES AND A BRITISH REVERSE'/><category term='Bara Pind-1971-How bad decisions can destroy lives of many'/><category 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Chaudhry’s Motorcade'/><category term='Lieutenant Colonel G.H Harvey Kelly-A Forgotten British Hero of Kashmir War'/><category term='M.H Panhwar-Great Historian'/><category term='The Pashtuns in History'/><category term='Freedom of Press'/><category term='Myths'/><category term='BCCI-CIA-TALIBAN-AL QAEDA'/><category term='Life of a Soviet Spy-General Krivitsky-Samuel Ginzburg'/><category term='How free was press in Musharraf military regime'/><category term='The Pakistan Army and 1971 -East Pakistan'/><category term='Musharrafs Strategic Mediocrity'/><category term='Musharraf'/><category term='MOST PHENOMENALLY MISERABLE FAILURE OF PAKISTAN ARMY IN 1965'/><category term='Crisis in Command -US Army'/><category term='Hitler’s Greatest Defeat The Collapse of the Army Group Centre'/><category term='HJ'/><category term='The Soviet Chief of General Staff Marshal Ogarkov had opposed the invasion of Afghanistan'/><category term='Competition Commission of Pakistan'/><category term='A BRAVE JUDGE'/><category term='Women in Intelligence Operations and Harold Robbins'/><category term='Mustafa Kemal Ataturk'/><category term='USA -NATO -DRUGS TRAFFICKING-AFGHANISTAN-CENTCOM-DEA-ANTI NARCOTICS STRATEGY-WAR ON TERROR'/><category term='June 1944-by-Paul Adair'/><category term='MAJOR AGHA H AMIN'/><category term='25 CAVALRY'/><category term='CORRUPTION  AND NEPOTISM IN INDIA'/><category term='HISTORY OF PAKISTAN ARMY'/><category term='AGHA H AMIN'/><category term='SJ Bar'/><category term='Muslims in the Waffen SS'/><category term='MISS ISRAEL AND THE ROASTED PIG'/><category term='A LETTER TO SENATOR ALAN SIMPSON FROM A US SENIOR CITIZEN'/><title type='text'>Mans Role in History-Man Life and Philosophy of Existence</title><subtitle type='html'>Discussion of Mans Role in History,Human Nature,Mans personality,character traits,his needs,objectives and life.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>Agha H Amin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01572595170538342875</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8bEdZGbBsg0/S7atvb5_8yI/AAAAAAAAJiY/CqePEEKMJ-4/S220/14+NOV+07+2.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>1700</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8791862814764903320.post-6710517540572832522</id><published>2012-01-30T01:23:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-30T01:23:21.375-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Reminder about your invitation from Agha A.</title><content type='html'>&lt;table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family:Arial;" width="100%" bgcolor="#F4F4F4"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="center"&gt;     &lt;table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family:Arial;" width="550"&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;     &lt;table width="1" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="height:10px;font-size:10px;line-height:10px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/table&gt;  &lt;table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family:Arial;border:solid 1px #DDDDDD;-moz-border-radius:5px;-webkit-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="550"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;table width="1" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="height:15px;font-size:15px;line-height:15px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="1%"&gt;&lt;table width="15" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="height:0px;font-size:0px;line-height:0px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="98%" valign="top" align=""&gt;   &lt;table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family:Arial;" width="100%"&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="left"&gt;       &lt;img src="http://www.linkedin.com/scds/common/u/img/logos/logo_emails_trans_98x24.png" alt="LinkedIn" border="0" height="24" width="98"&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;     &lt;table width="1" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="height:10px;font-size:10px;line-height:10px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;/table&gt;   &lt;div style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px"&gt;This is a reminder that on January 19, Agha A. sent you an invitation to become part of their professional network at LinkedIn.&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family:Arial;" width="100%"&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;table width="1" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="height:12px;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;         &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="1" align=""&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="#FFE86C" background="http://www.linkedin.com/scds/common/u/img/bg/yellow_button_back.png" style="background:url(http://www.linkedin.com/scds/common/u/img/bg/yellow_button_back.png) repeat-x scroll 100% 0 #FFE86C;background-color:#FFE86C;border:1px solid #E8B463;-moz-border-radius:4px;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;"&gt;&lt;div style="padding-right:10px;padding-left:10px;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.linkedin.com/e/-95vlbp-gy1ajkmd-6v/doi/5584378079/Yw80yLSY/gir_1569512037_1/?hs=false&amp;amp;tok=0VEYMH80rjJ541" style="text-decoration:none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold;color:#333333;white-space:nowrap;display:block;"&gt;Accept Agha A.'s Invitation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;table width="1" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="height:12px;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;/table&gt;   &lt;table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family:Arial;" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="border:1px dotted #DDDDDD;border-width:1px 0"&gt;   &lt;table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family:Arial;background:#F2FAFF" width="100%"&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;table width="1" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="height:5px;font-size:5px;line-height:5px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;       &lt;td&gt;&lt;table width="10" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="height:0px;font-size:0px;line-height:0px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;td style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px"&gt;                          &lt;div&gt;On January 19, Agha A. wrote:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;               &lt;div&gt;&amp;gt; To: pavocavalry.history [pavocavalry.history@blogger.com]&lt;/div&gt;               &lt;div&gt;&amp;gt; From: Agha A. [strategicus.c@gmail.com]&lt;/div&gt;                &lt;div&gt;&amp;gt; Subject: Invitation to connect on LinkedIn&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;               &gt; I'd like to add you to my professional network on LinkedIn.&lt;br/&gt; &gt; &lt;br/&gt; &gt; - Agha                     &lt;/td&gt;       &lt;td&gt;&lt;table width="5" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="height:0px;font-size:0px;line-height:0px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;table width="1" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="height:5px;font-size:5px;line-height:5px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;/table&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="1%"&gt;&lt;table width="15" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="height:0px;font-size:0px;line-height:0px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;table width="1" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="height:15px;font-size:15px;line-height:15px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;table width="1" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="height:5px;font-size:5px;line-height:5px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family:Arial;width:550px" &gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td style="color:#999;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11px;line-height:15px"&gt;       &lt;div&gt; You are receiving &lt;b style="color:#666"&gt;Reminder emails for pending invitations&lt;/b&gt;.         &lt;a href="http://www.linkedin.com/e/-95vlbp-gy1ajkmd-6v/T51uXHuGuo6bmfXC5YsvIKXVuYw4s7LFYr9ud8IAX7_FFqt/goo/pavocavalry%2Ehistory%40blogger%2Ecom/20060/I1942761484_1/?hs=false&amp;amp;tok=37fVgyFiLjJ541"&gt;Unsubscribe.&lt;/a&gt;       &lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div&gt;&amp;copy; 2012 LinkedIn Corporation. 2029 Stierlin Ct, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.&lt;table width="1" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="height:1px;font-size:1px;line-height:1px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/table&gt;       &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8791862814764903320-6710517540572832522?l=human-nature-life.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/feeds/6710517540572832522/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8791862814764903320&amp;postID=6710517540572832522' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default/6710517540572832522'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default/6710517540572832522'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/2012/01/reminder-about-your-invitation-from_30.html' title='Reminder about your invitation from Agha A.'/><author><name>Agha H Amin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01572595170538342875</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8bEdZGbBsg0/S7atvb5_8yI/AAAAAAAAJiY/CqePEEKMJ-4/S220/14+NOV+07+2.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8791862814764903320.post-8931160157773581765</id><published>2012-01-29T20:18:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-29T20:18:11.732-08:00</updated><title type='text'>USA wants Saudi-Iran War &amp; Shia-Sunni Killings. (Rare Documentary on Saudi Royal Family)‏</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="gmail_quote"&gt;FROM MR  AAMIR MUGHAL A RETIRED INTELLIGENCE OFFICER&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;h3 style="margin-right:0px;color:rgb(34,34,34);font:normal normal normal 22px/normal &amp;#39;Times New Roman&amp;#39;,Times,FreeSerif,serif;font-size:22px;margin-left:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-top:0px;font-weight:normal"&gt;  USA wants Saudi-Iran War &amp;amp; Shia-Sunni Killings.&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://chagataikhan.blogspot.com/2011/10/usa-want-saudi-iran-war-shia-sunni.html" target="_blank"&gt;http://chagataikhan.blogspot.com/2011/10/usa-want-saudi-iran-war-shia-sunni.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="HOEnZb"&gt;&lt;font color="#888888"&gt;&lt;br&gt;  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="HOEnZb"&gt;&lt;font color="#888888"&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;-- &lt;br&gt;&lt;a href="http://chagataikhan.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;http://chagataikhan.blogspot.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8791862814764903320-8931160157773581765?l=human-nature-life.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/feeds/8931160157773581765/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8791862814764903320&amp;postID=8931160157773581765' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default/8931160157773581765'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default/8931160157773581765'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/2012/01/usa-wants-saudi-iran-war-shia-sunni.html' title='USA wants Saudi-Iran War &amp; Shia-Sunni Killings. (Rare Documentary on Saudi Royal Family)‏'/><author><name>Omnibus Dubitandum</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WcXygdDssoY/TRSqC0irNsI/AAAAAAAAA-U/eIwXYJcQmEI/S220/Tanks%2B1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8791862814764903320.post-3841010386919086186</id><published>2012-01-29T09:21:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-29T09:21:59.722-08:00</updated><title type='text'>THE LONG ROAD TO SIACHEN-THE QUESTION WHY</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-left:0cm;margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;img border="0" width="677" height="470" src="http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/Siachen_Review_files/image012.jpg"&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-left:0cm;margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;text-align:justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-left:0cm;margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;text-align:justify"&gt; &lt;img border="0" width="327" height="482" src="http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/Siachen_Review_files/image014.jpg"&gt;      &lt;img border="0" width="320" height="480" src="http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/Siachen_Review_files/image016.jpg"&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8791862814764903320-3841010386919086186?l=human-nature-life.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/feeds/3841010386919086186/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8791862814764903320&amp;postID=3841010386919086186' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default/3841010386919086186'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default/3841010386919086186'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/2012/01/long-road-to-siachen-question-why.html' title='THE LONG ROAD TO SIACHEN-THE QUESTION WHY'/><author><name>Omnibus Dubitandum</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WcXygdDssoY/TRSqC0irNsI/AAAAAAAAA-U/eIwXYJcQmEI/S220/Tanks%2B1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8791862814764903320.post-458783208810157620</id><published>2012-01-29T08:50:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-29T08:50:18.777-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Story of Imperialism</title><content type='html'>&lt;br&gt;&lt;div class="gmail_quote"&gt;&lt;div style&gt;&lt;div&gt; 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(@ Amnye Machen Institute)&lt;br&gt; Forty years ago in 1971 on a cool and scary November 14 night in Chittagong a Pakistani sniper of Special Service Group perched silently on his hidden location near his camp felt he saw a 'phantom'. The days were then uncertain and nights were too risky. So, the Pakistani soldier did not take any chance and opened fire. And the shadowy creatures just melted away in the darkness. One among them was, however, dying. He was shot at fatally. The Pakistani soldier did not know that he had just killed one of the toughest and  CIAtrained Tibetan guerrilla leaders- Dhondup Gyatotsang. As Gyatotsang- a 'Dapon' or Brigadier in Tibetan language- died his comrades, all armed simply with a Bulgarian AK 47 and their Tibetan knives, made radio contact with a turbaned Sikh some kilometres away and across the border. The Sikh barked at them the order : carry on with the task you are assigned to. As the order came the Tibetan guerrillas once again spread in the darkness and coiled up behind the Pakistani barracks and posts .They remained as shadow as long as they wanted and when the right time came they just struck with a lightning speed raiding the Pak positions. One after another Pakistani posts fell as the Tibetans, who by this gained the title 'Phantom of Chittagong', swept the hills and valleys of the hilly district of East Pakistan and restrained the Pakistani military movement to only small pockets. Weeks before the real War actually broke on December 3 the Tibetan  guerrillas turned Chittagong virtually a free zone with pre-emptive strikes for Indian army movement. On December 16, 1971 when Pakistan army surrendered, the Tibetan commandos were only 40 kms from the Chittagong Port. By this time they had successfully accomplished their task that their chief-Inspector General- Maj. Gen&lt;br&gt; Sujan Singh Uban had assigned to them: The Operation Mountain Eagle. They had, however, lost 49 of their comrades and had 190 injured.&lt;br&gt;Ratu Ngawang (far left), former brigadier of Establishment 22, escorted the Dalai Lama (right) on his way to India in 1959. Seen here with Sujan Singh Uban (2nd from right), the first inspector-general of the regiment, in Chakrata, India, 1972. (© Hindustan Times)&lt;br&gt; 'Operation Mountain Eagle' launched by RAW in East Pakistan during 1971 Indo-Pak War was, perhaps, till date the most closely guarded and top most secret operation of Indian authorities in the eastern flank of the war areas.  Officially the operation could not be recognised as the Tibetan guerrilla force- known as Special Frontier Force (SFF) or Establishment-22 or simply called 'two-two'- does not officially exists. The name it got from the fact that their first commander ( at the rank of Inspector General) Maj. Gen Sujan Singh Uban had once commanded 22 Mountain brigade. Since their inception in November, 1962, the Establishment22's direct engagement in Indo-Pak war is also significant for the mere fact that it was not their 'war' at all. They were fighting for the cause of their host country and for liberation of another country- not for Tibet. But never their sacrifice was officially or publicly recognized- neither by India nor by Bangladesh till today.&lt;br&gt; Formation of top secret force, Two-Two:&lt;br&gt;At the end of the 1962 Indo-China war the then Intelligence Bureau chief Bholanath Mullick took the initiative to form a special guerrilla force from the Tibetan  youths who had been sheltered in India. Some documents indicate that former Chief Minister of Orissa Biju Patnaik had first come up with the idea while he was closely working with the CIA at the behest of Indian authorities in setting up of air surveillance ARC in Charbatia in his home state. Patnaik, a daredevil pilot with vast experience in several covert operations, according to Kenneth Conboy who authored an authoritative book on CIA operations relating to Tibet, wanted to raise a resistance force by the Tibetans in Assam .However, the IB continued with the plan which ultimately materialized with the help of Chu Shi Gandruk, main organization of the Khampa rebels and CIA.&lt;br&gt; The Dalai Lama and Maj. Gen. Uban inspect the SFF at Chakrata, June 1972 (The CIA&amp;#39;s Secret War in Tibet).&lt;br&gt;Following the green signal from the Cabinet secretariat the Special Frontier Force or Establishment 22 or was formed on November 14, 1962.&lt;br&gt; According to the plan the  force would formed with the Khampa rebels from 'Chu Shi Gandruk' –and most of them would be brought from CIA run overflowing Mustang base in Nepal that housed as many as 2032 members. The force would be handled and trained by the IB at their Chakrata base near Dehra Dun. The CIA would provide all other supports for their training and related matters.&lt;br&gt; CIA had first trained the Khampa rebels in Saipan in 1957 March and then Camp Hale in Colorado for guerrilla warfare so that they could be dropped in Tibet for sabotage against the Chinese. The operation under the code name of &amp;#39;ST Circus&amp;#39; was first headed by a US marine Roger McCarthy. They trained in several batches about 259 Tibetan guerrillas. The CIA had also dropped some of them inside Tibet for sabotage and intelligence gathering.&lt;br&gt; &amp;quot;A formation agreement was signed in 1962. The parties to this formation agreement were the Indian Intelligence Service, the CIA and Chushi Gangdruk. General  Gonpo Tashi and Jago Namgyal Dorjee, signed this three-party joint formation agreement on behalf of Chushi Gangdruk. Our organization took main responsibility for recruiting, and an initial strength of 12,000 men, mostly Khampas, were recruited at Chakrata, Dehra-dun, UP. Chushi Gangdruk sent two of the commanders to this new outfit to be political leaders in the initial stage&amp;quot;, said Dokham Chushi Gandruk, a Tibetan organization fighting for the Tibetan cause.&lt;br&gt; Gyalo Thondup, elder brother of the Dalai Lama met the Khampas in Mustang. Konboy said, &amp;#39;Gyalo also sought four political leaders who could act as the force&amp;#39;s indigenous officer cadre....an initial contingent of Tibetans, led by Jamba Kalden, was dispatched to the hill town of Dehra Dun&amp;#39;.&lt;br&gt; &amp;quot;Our organization took main responsibility for recruiting, and an initial strength of 12,000 men, mostly Khampas, were recruited at Chakrata, Dehra-dun, UP. Chushi Gangdruk sent two of the commanders to  this new outfit to be political leaders in the initial stage. Established under the direct supervision of the prime minister, the unit was named the Special Frontier Force... the unit was meant to be air-dropped into Tibet in the event of another war in the Tibetan frontiers&amp;quot;, wrote Dokham Chushi Gandruk.&lt;br&gt; Soon, the CIA, sent eight of its advisers on a six-month temporary duty assignment. The team was led by a veteran CIA operative in several covert and deadly campaigns Wayne Sanford who was recipient of two Purple Hearts. &amp;quot;He was acting undercover from US Embassy as special assistant to Ambassador John Kenneth Galbraith&amp;quot;, wrote Konboy.&lt;br&gt; The USA provided all the weaponry to them mostly M-1, M-2 and M-3 machine guns. As the covert guerrilla force was raised Maj General Sujan Singh Uban was assigned the task to command them as their Inspector General. The SFF ultimately came to be known as &amp;#39;Establishment 22&amp;#39; or simply &amp;#39;Two-two&amp;#39;. The name it got from  the fact that Maj. Gen Uban had once commanded 22 Mountain brigade. Interestingly, the guerrilla forces cap insignia was designed as if it was &amp;#39;12th Gorkha&amp;#39; regiment-crossed khukri with &amp;#39;12&amp;#39; on top. This was a deception tactics as at that time there were only 11 Gorkha regiments, seven regiments were with Indian army and four with the British after independence. It was so decided to confuse common people, in case of meeting the guerrillas, with Gorkhas as the facial features were same.&lt;br&gt; Major General Sujan Singh Uban&lt;br&gt;For next several years both Indian army, MARCOS, IB and CIA trained the guerrillas with special focus on para-trooping and sabotage as well as intelligence collection it was kept in mind that in case of another war with China they would be pressed into service. Some of the Camp Hale trained Tibetans were also included in the Establishment 22 and they held senior positions. They ultimately became one of best ever guerrilla forces of the  world efficient in both land and water campaigns. While the &amp;#39;Establishment 22&amp;#39; was commanded by Maj. Gen Uban, the guerrillas had their own political representatives and &amp;#39;Dapon&amp;#39;- a position equivalent to &amp;#39;Brigadier&amp;#39;- mostly held by first generation Camp Hale trained guerrillas.&lt;br&gt; The Dalai Lama was aware of the formation of the guerrilla force since the beginning but He and his Dharamshala officials always maintained a distance from them neither supporting nor opposing the Indian initiative. But according to some, Jawhar Lal Nehru had once visited the guerrillas in Charkatha and was impressed by their training and discipline. The Dalai lama also had visited them once but it was much later.&lt;br&gt; Until late 1960 the CIA officials had kept relations with the Establishment 22 at various levels, but since 1968 their connections with the Tibetan guerrillas both in Mustang and Charkatha started thinning. CIA link with Charkatha completely died out in 1970s. The  USA under Richard Nixon tilted towards Pakistan and also developed secret negotiations with China as Indo-Pakistan war seemed imminent.&lt;br&gt;Operation Mountain Eagle:&lt;br&gt;Since the RAW headed by R N Kau was created on 21 September, 1968 the responsibility of the Establishment 22 also went to the agency. But their chief Maj Gen Uban had been worried at the way the trained commandos -as many as 64 companies, divided into eight battalions having six companies each and including other support units- were gathering moss in their Charkatha camps. They were not used against China or Pakistan for any real armed combat and the IG was worried that inaction and absence of field operations might reduce the morale and capabilities.&lt;br&gt; SFF members during the Bangladesh campaign, 1971&lt;br&gt;It was at that time the East Pakistan went up in flames with Pakistan army resorting to large scale massacres and rape on March 25, 1971 as &amp;#39;Operation Searchlight&amp;#39;. Two days later Major  Zia Ur Rehman- a Bengali military officer with the Pakistan army announced &amp;#39;independence&amp;#39; in Chittagong radio and attacked the Pakistani army cantonment. Within a day, many more military officers followed and millions of refugees poured into India to flee the Pakistani Army&amp;#39;s massacres and rapes. India was playing the card well and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was successful in garnering massive international support, barring USA and China of course, for the brutalized East Pakistani Bengali population. By this time Mukti Bahini was formed from the refugee youths sheltered in Indian states for launching guerrilla wars and intelligence collections inside East Pakistan against the Pakistani forces. The idea was to create a pre-emptive strike force before the Indian regular army moved in after the rainy season was over.&lt;br&gt; Incidentally, Maj Gen Uban was entrusted with the overall task for training of the Bengali forces like Mukti Bahini, Mujib  Bahini.&lt;br&gt;Maj Gen Uban did not miss the chance and moved New Delhi to send his Tibetan forces to East Pakistan who, according to him were already better trained and itching for an operation. After initial hesitation Indira Gandhi was agreed to use the Tibetans for a third country cause, but sent the ball to the court of the Tibetans only.&lt;br&gt; Writes Tashi Dhundup, in article titled &amp;#39; Not their own Wars&amp;#39;, &amp;quot; Indira Gandhi in the lead-up to the SFF&amp;#39;s deployment, Indira Gandhi wired a message to the Tibetan fighters, conveyed through their Indian commander: &amp;quot;We cannot compel you to fight a war for us,&amp;quot; Gandhi wrote, &amp;quot;but the fact is that General A A K Niazi (the Pakistan Army commander in East Pakistan) is treating the people of East&lt;br&gt; Pakistan very badly. India has to do something about it. In a way, it is similar to the way the Chinese are treating the Tibetans in Tibet, we are facing a similar situation. It would be appreciated if you could help us  fight the war for liberating the people of Bangladesh.&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;Following the letter the senior commanders of the Establishment 22 guerrillas discussed and agreed to help the Bengalis of East Pakistan to achieve their new nation Bangladesh.&lt;br&gt; The Operation Mountain Eagle was launched in a second cool November night, apparently avoiding the Eastern Command directly by the RAW.&lt;br&gt;It was sometime in October third week of 1971 that one of the most top secret armed campaigns against the Pakistan army in East Pakistan the Operation Mountain Eagle was launched quietly launched. More than 3000 Tibetan commandos from Establishment- 22 were dropped at an obscure and extreme border village Demagiri in Mizoram. The Indian secret services used AN 12 plane from the ARC to bring the guerrillas by night sorties. Demagiri which was located across the river Karnafulli and Chittagong Hill Tracts in East Pakistan was by that time was crowded with refugees. The Tibetan stayed  incognito with the refugees for sometimes and then began small hit-and-run raids in East Pakistan. They would cross the river and, strike a Pakistani force and return to Demagiri. In second week of November, 1971, the Tibetan guerrillas led by Dapon Dhondup Gyatotsang crossed the river using nine canoes went inside East Pakistan to launch a decisive guerrilla campaign. Since the Establishment 22 or SFF does not officially exist, Indian authorities to deny any complicity in any eventuality gave them Bulgarian AK 47s instead of Russian ones. On the very first night they ran over a Pakistani post. Within hours next morning they captured one more and they kept on sweeping and then stopped- for sometime- when their Dapon was shot dead. But again, they swung into action.&lt;br&gt; The task to Establishment 22 were clear: blow up Kaptai dam, damage the Pakistani military positions and kill as many as Pak soldiers- at that time popularly called as &amp;#39;Khan Sena&amp;#39;  possible, destroy the bridges, military infrastructures, and restrain the Pakistani military movement. Divided in three columns their hit and run modus operandi and the task specified were to create a situation that when the Indian army would move , they could march through the Chittagong hills and plains without much resistance from the Pakistanis.&lt;br&gt; According to the specialists on the subject the Establishment guerrillas were extremely successful in their campaign. It that time Pakistani 97th Independent Brigade and their 2nd commando battalion of SSG were positioned strategically in Chittagong. The guerrillas successfully restrained them in their respective positions and also cut off all the routes that the Pakistani soldiers thought of opening towards Burma. In fact the Pakistani soldiers were seeing ghosts in all the shadows and they were fighting against merciless ghosts who were always on the&lt;br&gt; prowl, would swoop down from nowhere and  mercilessly eliminate the humans and destroy the posts and would immediately vanish for their next target. Within one month of their operations, the Tibetan guerrillas virtually cleaned up the Chittagong and when the Indian army moved in they did not face much resistance at all.&lt;br&gt; &amp;quot;About one-third of its full strength was developed adjacent to the Chittagong Hill Tracts as Mukti Bahini. They captured many towns and garrisons in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in continuous fighting of about one month&amp;quot;, according to Dhokma Chushi Gangdruk.&lt;br&gt; In fact Maj Ge Uban and his guerrillas were keen to capture the Chittagong Port. They were very close and Pakistan army were not at all in a position to stop them. But Indian military and other authorities were not ready to assign them with the task as , though it would have been easier for the guerrillas to capture the Port, to keep it under their control they would have needed heavy artillery weapons-which they did  not have with them.&lt;br&gt;According to a document, when the Chittagong Port was captured by Indian military, the guerrillas were then asked to sit quiet at about 40 kms away. However, on December 16 when Pakistan army surrendered in Dhaka, the Phantoms of Establishment -22 for the first time in their history, came out in the open on the Chittagong road rejoicing the victory of India over Pakistan. Not the common people were stunned by their sudden appearance -happy and rejoicing- virtually from nowhere, even many of the Indian soldiers who were also not aware of their presence in the vicinity were taken by surprise. But soon Maj Gen Uban was informed about the public appearance of the Tibetans on Chittagong roads and he just barked them back to shadows once again. They were never seen again. Their happy moment in the public was only for some hours.&lt;br&gt; Though the Tibetan guerrillas were arguably the main force that played key role in Chittagong in 1971  war,- sacrificed 49 ( according to Tibetans&amp;#39; estimate 56) including one of their top leader and 190 injured, they could not be Officially awarded.&lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;The Indian government gave awards to 580 members of the force for their active involvement and bravery in the battles. The contribution made by Establishment 22 in liberating East Pakistan was great and the price paid by the force was also high&amp;quot;, said Dokham Chusi Gandruk, the New York based organization.&lt;br&gt; It then added: (The fight and sacrifice) would have been of great value had it been used against communist China, the intended enemy....The SFF never had a chance of being used in operations against its intended enemy, Red China, but it was used against East Pakistan with the consent of His Holiness the Dalai Lama in 1971&amp;quot;.&lt;br&gt; It is, however, a different story that the Establishment 22 was later used in many Indian operations including in Operation Blue Star, Siachen, Kargil. They are also being used  a main anti terrorist operators in many parts of the country. According to a report, in between Indira Gandhi&amp;#39;s assassination and formation of SPG, it was these Establishment 22 commandos who were in charge of Gandhi family&amp;#39;s close protection. But in all the cases down the decades they remained unsung heroes- the &amp;#39;unknown&amp;#39; warriors from a different country who fought and sacrificed for others.&lt;br&gt; Post Script : PHATOM FIGHTERS OF 1971 : UNSUNG TIBETAN GUERRILLAS is virtually an untold story of a top secret mission. A very handful of people including some foreign journalists who were in touch with Tibetans are aware of the operations. Many of the military generals including Gen JFR Jacob or Maj gen SS Uban who commanded the force did not dwell extensively on them but obliquely referred. So it is virtually revisiting a mission that was intended to be kept Top secret. Picture is taken from internet.&lt;br&gt; Source:  &lt;a href="http://www.tibetsun.com/archive/2010/12/13/phantom-warriors-of-1971-unsung-tibetan-guerillas/" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.tibetsun.com/archive/2010/12/13/phantom-warriors-of-1971-unsung-tibetan-guerillas/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;/div&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/61839666/Indo-Pak-Wars-A-Pictorial-History"&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/61839666/Indo-Pak-Wars-A-Pictorial-History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/21686885/TALIBAN-WAR-IN-PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN-A-WRITERS-PERCEPTIONS-FROM-2001-TO-2011"&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/21686885/TALIBAN-WAR-IN-PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN-A-WRITERS-PERCEPTIONS-FROM-2001-TO-2011&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/22457862/Military-Decision-making-and-leadership"&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/22457862/Military-Decision-making-and-leadership&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/22151765/History-of-Pakistan-Army-from-1757-to-1971-PRINTING-ENABLED-Do-acknowledge-to-the-author"&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/22151765/History-of-Pakistan-Army-from-1757-to-1971-PRINTING-ENABLED-Do-acknowledge-to-the-author&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/22455178/Letters-to-Command-and-Staff-College-Quetta-Citadel-Journal"&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/22455178/Letters-to-Command-and-Staff-College-Quetta-Citadel-Journal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/23150027/Pakistan-Army-through-eyes-of-Pakistani-Generals"&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/23150027/Pakistan-Army-through-eyes-of-Pakistani-Generals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/23701412/War-of-Independence-of-1857"&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/23701412/War-of-Independence-of-1857&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/22107238/HISTORY"&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/22107238/HISTORY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/21693873/Indo-Pak-Wars-1947-71-A-STRATEGIC-AND-OPERATIONAL-ANALYSIS-BY-A-H-AMIN-THIS-BOOK-CAN-BE-PRINTED-FROM-THIS-SITE"&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/21693873/Indo-Pak-Wars-1947-71-A-STRATEGIC-AND-OPERATIONAL-ANALYSIS-BY-A-H-AMIN-THIS-BOOK-CAN-BE-PRINTED-FROM-THIS-SITE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8791862814764903320-1322539189144506671?l=human-nature-life.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/feeds/1322539189144506671/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8791862814764903320&amp;postID=1322539189144506671' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default/1322539189144506671'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default/1322539189144506671'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/2012/01/phantom-warriors-of-1971.html' title='Phantom Warriors of 1971'/><author><name>Omnibus Dubitandum</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WcXygdDssoY/TRSqC0irNsI/AAAAAAAAA-U/eIwXYJcQmEI/S220/Tanks%2B1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8791862814764903320.post-3250077511265700420</id><published>2012-01-26T00:43:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-26T00:43:38.321-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Pakistans Medicines of Death</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="gmail_quote" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.917969); color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #ffff66; font-family: 'comic sans ms', sans-serif; font-size: medium;"&gt;PAKISTANS MEDICINES OF DEATH-Medicines that caused more than 77 deaths in Punjab Institute of Cardiology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="gmail_quote" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.917969); color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #ffff66; font-family: 'comic sans ms', sans-serif; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="gmail_quote" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.917969); color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #ffff66; font-family: 'comic sans ms', sans-serif; font-size: medium;"&gt;Can a Pakistani Provincial Government be trusted ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="gmail_quote" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.917969); color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #ffff66; font-family: 'comic sans ms', sans-serif; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="gmail_quote" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.917969); color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #ffff66; font-family: 'comic sans ms', sans-serif; font-size: medium;"&gt;Or Can the Pakistani state be trusted which sends highly inflated electric bill of 500 USD to its poor citizens some of whom earn less than 150 USD a month !&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="gmail_quote"&gt;&lt;div class="gmail_quote"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div lang="EN-US" link="blue" vlink="blue"&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-left: 10.05pt; margin-top: 6.7pt;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: Garamond; font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 24pt;"&gt;BEWARE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: Garamond; font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 24pt;"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13pt;"&gt;With reference to the recent&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #c00000;"&gt;Alert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;on Medicines that caused more than&amp;nbsp;77 deaths in Punjab Institute of Cardiology Lahore, please avoid using following medicines.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 24pt;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 20.1pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 20.1pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13pt;"&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 7pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13pt;"&gt;Zafnol by Zafa Atenolol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 20.1pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13pt;"&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 7pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13pt;"&gt;Solpril by Pharmawise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 20.1pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13pt;"&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 7pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13pt;"&gt;The most dangerous is Cardiovastin by Megapharma (lipid lowering)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 20.1pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13pt;"&gt;4.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 7pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13pt;"&gt;Isopab by Efroz Isosarbid (angisid)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 20.1pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13pt;"&gt;5.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 7pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13pt;"&gt;Corcont by Swiss Pharma , Amlodipine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 20.1pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 20.1pt;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.1pt; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 20.1pt;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.1pt; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt;"&gt;Medical Division/GSD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 20.1pt; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 20.1pt; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 20.1pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"&gt;Please inform those, who you care.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #888888;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #888888;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 20.1pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #888888;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #888888;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #888888;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #888888;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #888888;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #888888;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #888888;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #888888;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #888888;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #888888;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #888888;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #888888; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R0iCWIMSDF8/TyEQXkWVZeI/AAAAAAAARMA/xgau_wJi-3U/s1600/1.jpg" style="color: #1155cc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="384" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R0iCWIMSDF8/TyEQXkWVZeI/AAAAAAAARMA/xgau_wJi-3U/s640/1.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0bV_I7TkHmM/TyEQYnYfKPI/AAAAAAAARMI/emtHH7AKSS0/s1600/2.jpg" style="color: #1155cc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="324" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0bV_I7TkHmM/TyEQYnYfKPI/AAAAAAAARMI/emtHH7AKSS0/s640/2.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gMZtIeMOZbg/TyEQZX1fO6I/AAAAAAAARMM/eNZsfHRsjnE/s1600/3.jpg" style="color: #1155cc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gMZtIeMOZbg/TyEQZX1fO6I/AAAAAAAARMM/eNZsfHRsjnE/s640/3.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dTTT5lazlBo/TyEQaKQH-MI/AAAAAAAARMU/Qc7KAMYITLM/s1600/4.gif" style="color: #1155cc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="346" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dTTT5lazlBo/TyEQaKQH-MI/AAAAAAAARMU/Qc7KAMYITLM/s640/4.gif" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xWxC8amGPS8/TyEQa1yRbEI/AAAAAAAARMc/Qb2JgGLGE7c/s1600/5.jpg" style="color: #1155cc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="332" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xWxC8amGPS8/TyEQa1yRbEI/AAAAAAAARMc/Qb2JgGLGE7c/s640/5.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-m12v-atb5qY/TyEQbUoA-3I/AAAAAAAARMk/EJPjr-TsN9w/s1600/6.jpg" style="color: #1155cc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="480" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-m12v-atb5qY/TyEQbUoA-3I/AAAAAAAARMk/EJPjr-TsN9w/s640/6.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RwzsmudZhF8/TyEQh9O9STI/AAAAAAAARMw/ijp7iz7rd7Q/s1600/7.jpg" style="color: #1155cc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="558" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RwzsmudZhF8/TyEQh9O9STI/AAAAAAAARMw/ijp7iz7rd7Q/s640/7.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8791862814764903320-3250077511265700420?l=human-nature-life.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/feeds/3250077511265700420/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8791862814764903320&amp;postID=3250077511265700420' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default/3250077511265700420'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default/3250077511265700420'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/2012/01/pakistans-medicines-of-death.html' title='Pakistans Medicines of Death'/><author><name>Karmal</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18032575620455402266</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MPh2cRJZfpw/SxtYxHQsQ7I/AAAAAAAAAAM/DxIEjtGRJC4/S220/imt_flag.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R0iCWIMSDF8/TyEQXkWVZeI/AAAAAAAARMA/xgau_wJi-3U/s72-c/1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8791862814764903320.post-7670630458817496627</id><published>2012-01-26T00:42:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-26T00:42:04.910-08:00</updated><title type='text'>PAKISTANS MEDICINES OF DEATH-Medicines that caused more than 77 deaths in Punjab Institute of Cardiology</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="gmail_quote"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="&amp;#39;comic sans ms&amp;#39;, sans-serif" size="4" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)"&gt;PAKISTANS MEDICINES OF DEATH-Medicines that caused more than 77 deaths in Punjab Institute of Cardiology&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gmail_quote"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="&amp;#39;comic sans ms&amp;#39;, sans-serif" size="4" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)"&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="gmail_quote"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="&amp;#39;comic sans ms&amp;#39;, sans-serif" size="4" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)"&gt;Can a Pakistani Provincial Government be trusted ?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gmail_quote"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="&amp;#39;comic sans ms&amp;#39;, sans-serif" size="4" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)"&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="gmail_quote"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="&amp;#39;comic sans ms&amp;#39;, sans-serif" size="4" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)"&gt;Or Can the Pakistani state be trusted which sends highly inflated electric bill of 500 USD to its poor citizens some of whom earn less than 150 USD a month !&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;div class="gmail_quote"&gt;&lt;div class="gmail_quote"&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;         &lt;div link="blue" vlink="blue" lang="EN-US"&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;div style="margin-left:10.05pt;margin-top:6.7pt"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;background:white" align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font color="red" face="Garamond" size="6"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:Garamond;color:red;font-weight:bold"&gt;BEWARE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color="red" face="Garamond" size="6"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:Garamond;color:red;font-weight:bold"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color="red" face="Arial" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:red"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;div&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"&gt;&lt;font face="Garamond" size="6"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:Garamond"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt; &lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Arial"&gt;With reference to the recent &lt;b&gt;&lt;font color="#c00000"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#c00000;font-weight:bold"&gt;Alert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; on Medicines that caused more than 77 deaths in Punjab Institute of Cardiology Lahore, please avoid using following medicines.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face="Garamond" size="6"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:Garamond"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:20.1pt;background:white"&gt;&lt;font face="Arial" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Arial"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:20.1pt;background:white"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold"&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:Tahoma"&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold"&gt;Zafnol by Zafa Atenolol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:20.1pt;background:white"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold"&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:Tahoma"&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold"&gt;Solpril by Pharmawise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:20.1pt;background:white"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold"&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:Tahoma"&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold"&gt;The most dangerous is Cardiovastin by Megapharma (lipid lowering)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:20.1pt;background:white"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold"&gt;4.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:Tahoma"&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold"&gt;Isopab by Efroz Isosarbid (angisid)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:20.1pt;background:white"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold"&gt;5.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:Tahoma"&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold"&gt;Corcont by Swiss Pharma , Amlodipine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:20.1pt;background:white"&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Tahoma"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:20.1pt;background:white"&gt;  &lt;b style="background-color:white;line-height:20.1pt;text-align:right"&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14pt"&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:20.1pt;background:white"&gt;&lt;b style="background-color:white;line-height:20.1pt;text-align:right"&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14pt"&gt;Medical Division/GSD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;line-height:20.1pt;background:white" align="right"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;line-height:20.1pt;background:white" align="right"&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman" size="3"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt; &lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:20.1pt;background:white"&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Tahoma"&gt;Please inform those, who you care. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;font color="#888888"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;font color="#888888"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:20.1pt;background:white"&gt;&lt;font face="Tahoma" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 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 &lt;p style="margin-right:0px;text-align:left;margin-left:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-top:0px"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="clear:both;margin-right:0px;text-align:center;margin-left:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-top:0px"&gt; &lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RwzsmudZhF8/TyEQh9O9STI/AAAAAAAARMw/ijp7iz7rd7Q/s1600/7.jpg" style="margin-left:1em;margin-right:1em" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RwzsmudZhF8/TyEQh9O9STI/AAAAAAAARMw/ijp7iz7rd7Q/s640/7.jpg" border="0" width="640" height="558"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;br&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8791862814764903320-7670630458817496627?l=human-nature-life.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/feeds/7670630458817496627/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8791862814764903320&amp;postID=7670630458817496627' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default/7670630458817496627'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default/7670630458817496627'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/2012/01/pakistans-medicines-of-death-medicines.html' title='PAKISTANS MEDICINES OF DEATH-Medicines that caused more than 77 deaths in Punjab Institute of Cardiology'/><author><name>Karmal</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18032575620455402266</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MPh2cRJZfpw/SxtYxHQsQ7I/AAAAAAAAAAM/DxIEjtGRJC4/S220/imt_flag.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R0iCWIMSDF8/TyEQXkWVZeI/AAAAAAAARMA/xgau_wJi-3U/s72-c/1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8791862814764903320.post-8359590022106919868</id><published>2012-01-22T23:45:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-22T23:45:53.992-08:00</updated><title type='text'>INDO PAK HISTORY BOOKS READING STATISTICS</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;zoom:1;background-image:url(&amp;#39;&amp;#39;);background-color:rgb(22,19,18);text-align:center;background-repeat:repeat no-repeat"&gt;  &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt; &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:15px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:15px;padding-left:0px;background-color:rgb(246,246,246)"&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(54,54,54);font-family:arial,&amp;#39;helvetica neue&amp;#39;,helvetica,Trebuchet,sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:16px"&gt;  &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt; &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt; &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top:10px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;clear:both;min-height:70px;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s7.scribdassets.com/images/stats/stats_rpt_1x68.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);background-color:transparent;background-repeat:repeat no-repeat"&gt;  &lt;ul style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;float:left;min-height:70px"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:14px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:block;float:left;width:135px;min-height:55px;text-align:left"&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:11px;line-height:18px;color:rgb(153,153,153)"&gt;&lt;br&gt; Reads&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:5px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:20px;color:rgb(102,102,102);float:left"&gt;187,056&lt;/p&gt; &lt;img src="http://imgv2.scribdassets.com/img/sparkplug/40x11.png?bg=FFFFFF&amp;amp;data=244%2C312%2C223%2C241%2C253%2C182%2C234%2C204%2C282%2C340%2C354%2C374%2C243%2C387%2C313%2C604%2C418%2C299%2C328%2C223%2C222%2C241%2C257%2C227%2C185%2C352%2C233%2C251%2C228%2C413%2C291" style="border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;vertical-align:middle"&gt;&lt;/li&gt;  &lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:14px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:block;float:left;width:8px;min-height:55px;text-align:left;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s7.scribdassets.com/images/stats/stats_sep_8x68.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);background-color:transparent;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat"&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:14px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:block;float:left;width:135px;min-height:55px;text-align:left"&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:11px;line-height:18px;color:rgb(153,153,153)"&gt;Embed Reads&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:5px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:20px;color:rgb(102,102,102);float:left"&gt;1,264&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://imgv2.scribdassets.com/img/sparkplug/40x11.png?bg=FFFFFF&amp;amp;data=0%2C1%2C2%2C1%2C2%2C1%2C1%2C1%2C2%2C1%2C1%2C3%2C0%2C1%2C1%2C4%2C0%2C3%2C3%2C1%2C4%2C3%2C1%2C1%2C4%2C3%2C3%2C2%2C1%2C4%2C14" style="border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;vertical-align:middle"&gt;&lt;/li&gt;  &lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:14px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:block;float:left;width:8px;min-height:55px;text-align:left;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s7.scribdassets.com/images/stats/stats_sep_8x68.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);background-color:transparent;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat"&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:14px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:block;float:left;width:135px;min-height:55px;text-align:left"&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:11px;line-height:18px;color:rgb(153,153,153)"&gt;Readcasts&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:5px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:20px;color:rgb(102,102,102);float:left"&gt;2,098&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://imgv2.scribdassets.com/img/sparkplug/40x11.png?bg=FFFFFF&amp;amp;data=0%2C0%2C0%2C2%2C6%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C11%2C0%2C1%2C8%2C0%2C4%2C6%2C0%2C6%2C0%2C0%2C4%2C0%2C1%2C7%2C0%2C13%2C8%2C0%2C2%2C9%2C2" style="border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;vertical-align:middle"&gt;&lt;/li&gt;  &lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:14px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:block;float:left;width:8px;min-height:55px;text-align:left;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s7.scribdassets.com/images/stats/stats_sep_8x68.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);background-color:transparent;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat"&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:14px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:block;float:left;width:135px;min-height:55px;text-align:left"&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:11px;line-height:18px;color:rgb(153,153,153)"&gt;Followers&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:5px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:20px;color:rgb(102,102,102);float:left"&gt;195&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:14px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:block;float:left;width:8px;min-height:55px;text-align:left;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s7.scribdassets.com/images/stats/stats_sep_8x68.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);background-color:transparent;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat"&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:14px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:block;float:left;width:135px;min-height:55px;text-align:left"&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:11px;line-height:18px;color:rgb(153,153,153)"&gt;Following&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:5px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:20px;color:rgb(102,102,102);float:left"&gt;128&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;float:right;min-height:70px;width:12px;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s7.scribdassets.com/images/stats/stats_right_12x68.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);background-color:transparent;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;float:right;white-space:nowrap;min-height:28px"&gt;  &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;vertical-align:top"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt;  &lt;span style="color:rgb(153,153,153);vertical-align:middle"&gt;Showing data from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;Dec 23, 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:rgb(153,153,153);padding-top:0px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:5px"&gt; to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Jan 23, 2012&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats#" style="color:rgb(25,130,171);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none;width:7px;min-height:4px;margin-left:5px;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s7.scribdassets.com/images/pro_stats/triangle_datepicker_7x4.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(54,54,54);font-family:arial,&amp;#39;helvetica neue&amp;#39;,helvetica,Trebuchet,sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:16px"&gt;  &lt;h3 style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:rgb(153,153,153);font-family:Georgia,Palatino,&amp;#39;Palatino Linotype&amp;#39;,Times,&amp;#39;Times New Roman&amp;#39;,serif;font-style:italic;line-height:38px;letter-spacing:-1px;display:inline;vertical-align:bottom"&gt;  Recent Activity for All Documents&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;font color="#999999" face="Georgia, Palatino, &amp;#39;Palatino Linotype&amp;#39;, Times, &amp;#39;Times New Roman&amp;#39;, serif" size="4"&gt;&lt;span style="letter-spacing:-1px;line-height:38px"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br&gt;  &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size:13px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;zoom:1;background-image:url(&amp;#39;&amp;#39;);background-color:rgb(22,19,18);color:rgb(54,54,54);font-family:arial,&amp;#39;helvetica neue&amp;#39;,helvetica,Trebuchet,sans-serif;line-height:16px;text-align:center;background-repeat:repeat no-repeat"&gt;  &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt; &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:15px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:15px;padding-left:0px;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s5.scribdassets.com/images/home/noise_bg.gif?1326489461&amp;#39;);background-color:rgb(246,246,246)"&gt;  &lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:20px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:5px"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt;  &lt;h3 style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:rgb(153,153,153);font-family:Georgia,Palatino,&amp;#39;Palatino Linotype&amp;#39;,Times,&amp;#39;Times New Roman&amp;#39;,serif;font-style:italic;line-height:38px;letter-spacing:-1px;display:inline;vertical-align:bottom"&gt;  Recent Activity for All Documents&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;zoom:1"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;clear:both;white-space:nowrap;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:initial;border-bottom-color:initial"&gt;  &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block"&gt;610305012/2501/0101/0801/1501/22&lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt;  &lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold"&gt; &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:inherit;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:2px"&gt;&lt;span style="color:rgb(25,143,190)"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:2px;text-align:right"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:2px"&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table width="100%" style="font-size:inherit;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(102,102,102);empty-cells:show"&gt;  &lt;thead&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope="col" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:0px;text-align:left;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:16px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;width:506px"&gt;  &lt;h3 style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:rgb(153,153,153);font-family:Georgia,Palatino,&amp;#39;Palatino Linotype&amp;#39;,Times,&amp;#39;Times New Roman&amp;#39;,serif;font-style:italic;line-height:14px;letter-spacing:-1px;display:inline"&gt;  Document&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/summary" style="color:rgb(25,130,171);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;margin-left:10px" target="_blank"&gt;See all...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt;  &lt;th scope="col" title="Reads" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:6px;text-align:center;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:16px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(250,250,250);width:140px"&gt;  &lt;span style="display:block;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s7.scribdassets.com/images/pro_stats/selected_header_triangle_21x9.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);width:21px;min-height:9px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:block;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s7.scribdassets.com/images/pro_stats/selected_header_triangle_21x9.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);width:21px;min-height:9px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Reads&lt;/th&gt;  &lt;th scope="col" title="Embed Reads" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:6px;text-align:center;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:16px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;width:140px"&gt;  Embed Reads&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope="col" title="Readcasts" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:6px;text-align:center;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:16px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;width:140px"&gt;  Readcasts&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope="col" title="Engagement" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:6px;text-align:center;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:16px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;width:140px"&gt;  Engagement&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope="col" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:6px;text-align:center;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:16px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;background-color:rgb(210,239,245);width:16px"&gt;  &lt;img src="http://s6.scribdassets.com/images/pro_stats/minigraph_0.png?1326489461" style="border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;vertical-align:middle"&gt;&lt;/th&gt;  &lt;th scope="col" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:6px;text-align:center;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:16px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;background-color:rgb(237,243,212);width:16px"&gt;  &lt;img src="http://s6.scribdassets.com/images/pro_stats/minigraph_1.png?1326489461" style="border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;vertical-align:middle"&gt;&lt;/th&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="background-color:rgb(238,238,238);font-weight:bold"&gt;&lt;td scope="col" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;text-align:left;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  Totals&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td scope="col" title="Reads" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;text-align:right;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(243,243,243);border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  8,958&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td scope="col" title="Embed Reads" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;text-align:right;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  69&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td scope="col" title="Readcasts" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;text-align:right;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  90&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td scope="col" title="Engagement" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;text-align:right;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  &lt;span&gt;4:34&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td scope="col" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;text-align:center;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-width:0px;background-color:rgb(210,239,245);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  &lt;input checked name="radio_0" type="radio" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td scope="col" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;text-align:center;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-width:0px;background-color:rgb(237,243,212);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt;  &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/documents/21693873" style="color:rgb(25,130,171);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none" target="_blank"&gt;Indo Pak Wars-1947-71-A STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS BY A.H AMIN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(250,250,250)"&gt;  789&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  10&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  5:13&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(210,239,245);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt;  &lt;input name="radio_0" type="radio" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(237,243,212);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt;  &lt;input name="radio_1" type="radio" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt;  &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/documents/21686885" style="color:rgb(25,130,171);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none" target="_blank"&gt;TALIBAN WAR IN PAKISTAN , AFGHANISTAN-A WRITERS PERCEPTIONS FROM 2001 TO 2011&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(250,250,250)"&gt;  626&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  38&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  12&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  4:11&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(210,239,245);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt;  &lt;input name="radio_0" type="radio" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(237,243,212);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt;  &lt;input name="radio_1" type="radio" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt;  &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/documents/61839666" style="color:rgb(25,130,171);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none" target="_blank"&gt;Atlas and History of Indo Pak Wars-1947-1971&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(250,250,250)"&gt;  568&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  21&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  6:49&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(210,239,245);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt;  &lt;input name="radio_0" type="radio" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(237,243,212);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt;  &lt;input name="radio_1" type="radio" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt;  &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/documents/22457862" style="color:rgb(25,130,171);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none" target="_blank"&gt;Military Decision making and leadership&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(250,250,250)"&gt;  503&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  15&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  2:44&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(210,239,245);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt;  &lt;input name="radio_0" type="radio" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(237,243,212);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt;  &lt;input name="radio_1" type="radio" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt; 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 27&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  11&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  5:45&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(210,239,245);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt; 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 &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/documents/23701412?start=2011-12-23&amp;amp;end=2012-01-23&amp;amp;granularity=day&amp;amp;norm=15" style="color:rgb(25,130,171);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none" target="_blank"&gt;War of Independence of 1857&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(250,250,250)"&gt;  400&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  5:02&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(210,239,245);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt; 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 0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  7:34&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(210,239,245);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt; 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 &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/documents/22455178" style="color:rgb(25,130,171);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none" target="_blank"&gt;Letters to Command and Staff College Quetta-Citadel Journal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(250,250,250)"&gt;  357&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt; 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 &lt;input name="radio_0" type="radio" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(237,243,212);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt;  &lt;input name="radio_1" type="radio" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt; 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 0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  4:26&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(210,239,245);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt; 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 0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  2:22&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(210,239,245);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt;  &lt;input name="radio_0" type="radio" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(237,243,212);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt;  &lt;input name="radio_1" type="radio" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt;  &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/documents/27384291" style="color:rgb(25,130,171);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none" target="_blank"&gt;Intangible Forces Behind a Military Manoeuvre an Examination of the Clausewitzian Model of Military Leadership&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(250,250,250)"&gt;  35&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt; 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 &lt;input name="radio_0" type="radio" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(237,243,212);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt;  &lt;input name="radio_1" type="radio" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt;  &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/documents/58523600" style="color:rgb(25,130,171);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none" target="_blank"&gt;Harold Robbins , Women and Intelligence Operations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(250,250,250)"&gt;  33&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  1:03&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(210,239,245);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt;  &lt;input name="radio_0" type="radio" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(237,243,212);vertical-align:bottom;width:29px"&gt;  &lt;input name="radio_1" type="radio" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;a style="color:rgb(25,130,171);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;padding-top:10px;padding-right:10px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:10px"&gt;Show More...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;hr style="background-color:transparent;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;clear:both;color:rgb(228,228,228);min-height:10px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s7.scribdassets.com/images/pro_stats/grad_sep.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);background-repeat:repeat no-repeat"&gt;  &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:10px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;clear:both;white-space:nowrap"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;width:472px;vertical-align:top"&gt;  &lt;table width="100%" style="font-size:inherit;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(102,102,102);empty-cells:show"&gt;  &lt;thead&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope="col" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-align:left;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;width:368px"&gt;  &lt;h3 style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:rgb(153,153,153);font-family:Georgia,Palatino,&amp;#39;Palatino Linotype&amp;#39;,Times,&amp;#39;Times New Roman&amp;#39;,serif;font-style:italic;line-height:14px;letter-spacing:-1px;display:inline"&gt;  Reads by Region&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope="col" title="Reads" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-align:center;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;width:140px"&gt;  Reads&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope="col" title="%" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-align:center;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;width:140px"&gt;  %&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt;  United States&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  217&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  21.2%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt;  Pakistan&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  217&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  21.2%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt;  India&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  188&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  18.3%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt;  United Kingdom&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  72&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  7.0%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt;  Australia&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  64&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  6.2%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;hr style="background-color:transparent;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;clear:both;color:rgb(228,228,228);min-height:10px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s7.scribdassets.com/images/pro_stats/grad_sep.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);background-repeat:repeat no-repeat"&gt;  &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:10px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;clear:both;white-space:nowrap"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;width:472px;vertical-align:top"&gt;  &lt;table width="100%" style="font-size:inherit;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(102,102,102);empty-cells:show"&gt;  &lt;thead&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope="col" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-align:left;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;width:420px"&gt;  &lt;h3 style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:rgb(153,153,153);font-family:Georgia,Palatino,&amp;#39;Palatino Linotype&amp;#39;,Times,&amp;#39;Times New Roman&amp;#39;,serif;font-style:italic;line-height:14px;letter-spacing:-1px;display:inline"&gt;  Search Keywords&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/search" style="color:rgb(25,130,171);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;margin-left:10px" target="_blank"&gt;See all...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt;  &lt;th scope="col" title="Reads" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-align:center;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;width:140px"&gt; 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 38&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt;  &lt;a href="http://pavocavalry.wordpress.com" target="_blank"&gt;pavocavalry.wordpress.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  30&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt;  &lt;a href="http://suportonline.eu" target="_blank"&gt;suportonline.eu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt;  1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top:6px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;width:472px;vertical-align:top"&gt;  &lt;h3 style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:rgb(153,153,153);font-family:Georgia,Palatino,&amp;#39;Palatino Linotype&amp;#39;,Times,&amp;#39;Times New Roman&amp;#39;,serif;font-style:italic;line-height:14px;letter-spacing:-1px;display:inline"&gt;  Readcasts&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/readcasts" style="color:rgb(25,130,171);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none;margin-left:10px" target="_blank"&gt;See all...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;hr style="background-color:transparent;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;clear:both;color:rgb(228,228,228);min-height:10px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s7.scribdassets.com/images/pro_stats/grad_sep.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);background-repeat:repeat no-repeat"&gt;  &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt; &lt;table style="font-size:inherit;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(102,102,102);empty-cells:show;float:right;width:290px"&gt;  &lt;thead&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-align:left;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;width:193px"&gt;  &lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-align:center;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;width:140px"&gt;  Total&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-align:center;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;width:140px"&gt;  %&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-align:left;line-height:20px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px"&gt;  &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;border-top-left-radius:3px;border-top-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-left-radius:3px;width:20px;min-height:10px"&gt;  &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;border-top-left-radius:3px;border-top-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-left-radius:3px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-width:1px;border-top-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-top-color:white;border-right-color:white;border-bottom-color:white;border-left-color:white;background-color:rgb(82,71,66);min-height:8px;width:18px"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Scribd&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  50&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  55.6%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-align:left;line-height:20px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px"&gt;  &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;border-top-left-radius:3px;border-top-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-left-radius:3px;width:20px;min-height:10px"&gt;  &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;border-top-left-radius:3px;border-top-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-left-radius:3px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-width:1px;border-top-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-top-color:white;border-right-color:white;border-bottom-color:white;border-left-color:white;background-color:rgb(59,89,152);min-height:8px;width:18px"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Facebook&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  3.3%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-align:left;line-height:20px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px"&gt;  &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;border-top-left-radius:3px;border-top-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-left-radius:3px;width:20px;min-height:10px"&gt;  &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;border-top-left-radius:3px;border-top-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-left-radius:3px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-width:1px;border-top-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-top-color:white;border-right-color:white;border-bottom-color:white;border-left-color:white;background-color:rgb(100,216,255);min-height:8px;width:18px"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Twitter&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  37&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;min-height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  41.1%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size:13px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(54,54,54);font-family:arial,&amp;#39;helvetica neue&amp;#39;,helvetica,Trebuchet,sans-serif;line-height:16px;text-align:center;background-color:rgb(22,19,18)"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size:13px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:20px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;min-height:95px;width:1007px;text-align:center;clear:both;line-height:1em;background-image:url(&amp;#39;&amp;#39;);background-color:rgb(22,19,18);color:rgb(54,54,54);font-family:arial,&amp;#39;helvetica neue&amp;#39;,helvetica,Trebuchet,sans-serif;background-repeat:repeat no-repeat"&gt;  &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:auto;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;width:996px;min-height:30px;text-align:left"&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align:-webkit-auto"&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8791862814764903320-8359590022106919868?l=human-nature-life.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/feeds/8359590022106919868/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8791862814764903320&amp;postID=8359590022106919868' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default/8359590022106919868'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default/8359590022106919868'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/2012/01/indo-pak-history-books-reading.html' title='INDO PAK HISTORY BOOKS READING STATISTICS'/><author><name>Agha H Amin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01572595170538342875</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8bEdZGbBsg0/S7atvb5_8yI/AAAAAAAAJiY/CqePEEKMJ-4/S220/14+NOV+07+2.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8791862814764903320.post-7432846620904794215</id><published>2012-01-22T23:24:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-22T23:24:13.850-08:00</updated><title type='text'>TALIBAN WAR IN PAKISTAN , AFGHANISTAN-A WRITERS PERCEPTIONS FROM 2001 TO 2011-READING STATISTICS</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="head_container" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(54,54,54);font-family:arial,&amp;#39;helvetica neue&amp;#39;,helvetica,Trebuchet,sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;text-align:left;background-color:rgb(246,246,255)"&gt; &lt;div class="autogen_class_views_pro_stats_documents_doc_header" id="autogen_id_733989544" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt; &lt;div class="details" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;clear:left;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden"&gt;&lt;div class="thumb" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:2px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:2px;padding-left:2px;background-image:initial;background-color:white;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-width:1px;border-top-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-top-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-right-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);width:72px;float:left;background-repeat:initial initial"&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/21686885/TALIBAN-WAR-IN-PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN-A-WRITERS-PERCEPTIONS-FROM-2001-TO-2011" style="color:rgb(25,130,171);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none"&gt;&lt;img src="http://imgv2-3.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/21686885/72x93/e881b0d385/1322654844" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="title_and_totals" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;float:left"&gt;&lt;h2 style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:rgb(153,153,153);float:left;font-family:Georgia,Palatino,&amp;#39;Palatino Linotype&amp;#39;,Times,&amp;#39;Times New Roman&amp;#39;,serif;font-style:italic;line-height:18px;vertical-align:top;letter-spacing:0px;text-shadow:rgb(255,255,255) 1px 1px 0px"&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/21686885/TALIBAN-WAR-IN-PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN-A-WRITERS-PERCEPTIONS-FROM-2001-TO-2011" style="color:rgb(25,130,171);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none"&gt;TALIBAN WAR IN PAKISTAN , AFGHANISTAN-A WRITERS PERCEPTIONS FROM 2001 TO 2011&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="autogen_class_views_pro_stats_documents_doc_totals autogen_class_views_pro_stats_total_panel" id="autogen_id_733988562" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt; &lt;div class="autogen_class_views_pro_stats_data_widgets_totals autogen_class_views_pro_stats_data_widgets_base autogen_class_views_pro_stats_data_widgets_assignable_base totals" id="autogen_id_733995381" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt; &lt;h3 style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:rgb(153,153,153);font-family:Georgia,Palatino,&amp;#39;Palatino Linotype&amp;#39;,Times,&amp;#39;Times New Roman&amp;#39;,serif;font-style:italic;line-height:14px;letter-spacing:-1px;display:inline"&gt; &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="totals" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt;&lt;div class="total_container" style="margin-top:10px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;clear:both;height:70px;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s6.scribdassets.com/images/stats/stats_rpt_1x68.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);background-color:transparent;background-repeat:repeat no-repeat"&gt; &lt;div class="left" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;float:left;height:70px;width:12px;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s6.scribdassets.com/images/stats/stats_left_12x68.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);background-color:transparent;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;float:left;height:70px"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:14px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:block;float:left;width:135px;height:55px;text-align:left;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden"&gt; &lt;p class="label" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:11px;line-height:18px;color:rgb(153,153,153)"&gt;Total Reads&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="stat" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:5px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:20px;color:rgb(102,102,102);float:left"&gt;12,045&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://imgv2.scribdassets.com/img/sparkplug/40x11.png?bg=FFFFFF&amp;amp;data=0%2C3%2C3%2C10%2C12%2C2%2C13%2C34%2C62%2C5%2C14%2C20%2C12%2C1%2C0%2C5%2C2%2C0%2C2%2C10%2C3%2C6%2C3%2C25%2C24%2C16%2CNaN" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; "&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li class="sep" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:14px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:block;float:left;width:8px;height:55px;text-align:left;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s6.scribdassets.com/images/stats/stats_sep_8x68.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);background-color:transparent;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat"&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:14px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:block;float:left;width:135px;height:55px;text-align:left;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden"&gt; &lt;p class="label" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:11px;line-height:18px;color:rgb(153,153,153)"&gt;Total Embed Reads&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="stat" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:5px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:20px;color:rgb(102,102,102);float:left"&gt;313&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://imgv2.scribdassets.com/img/sparkplug/40x11.png?bg=FFFFFF&amp;amp;data=0%2C0%2C0%2C1%2C0%2C3%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2CNaN" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; "&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li class="sep" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:14px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:block;float:left;width:8px;height:55px;text-align:left;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s6.scribdassets.com/images/stats/stats_sep_8x68.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);background-color:transparent;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat"&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:14px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:block;float:left;width:135px;height:55px;text-align:left;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden"&gt; &lt;p class="label" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:11px;line-height:18px;color:rgb(153,153,153)"&gt;Total Readcasts&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="stat" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:5px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:20px;color:rgb(102,102,102);float:left"&gt;105&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://imgv2.scribdassets.com/img/sparkplug/40x11.png?bg=FFFFFF&amp;amp;data=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2CNaN" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; "&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="right" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;float:right;height:70px;width:12px;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s6.scribdassets.com/images/stats/stats_right_12x68.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);background-color:transparent;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;hr style="background-color:transparent;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;clear:both;color:rgb(228,228,228);height:10px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s6.scribdassets.com/images/pro_stats/grad_sep.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);background-repeat:repeat no-repeat"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="floating_tabs" style="margin-top:5px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:5px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;clear:both"&gt;&lt;div class="container clearfix" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;zoom:1;background-image:url(&amp;#39;data:image/png;base64,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&amp;#39;);background-color:initial;background-repeat:repeat no-repeat"&gt; 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 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="label" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-family:arial;font-weight:bold;color:rgb(51,51,51)"&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/documents/21686885" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none"&gt;Summary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:5px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:3px;border-right-width:1px;border-right-style:solid;border-right-color:rgb(204,204,204);background-image:url(&amp;#39;data:image/png;base64,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&amp;#39;);background-color:initial;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;height:36px;line-height:35px"&gt; &lt;div class="pre" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:8px"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="label" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-family:arial;font-weight:bold;color:rgb(51,51,51)"&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/documents/21686885/reads" style="color:rgb(128,128,128);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none"&gt;Reads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:8px;border-right-width:1px;border-right-style:solid;border-right-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;height:36px;line-height:35px"&gt; &lt;div class="pre" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:8px"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="label" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-family:arial;font-weight:bold;color:rgb(51,51,51)"&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/documents/21686885/readcasts" style="color:rgb(128,128,128);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none"&gt;Readcasts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:8px;border-right-width:1px;border-right-style:solid;border-right-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;height:36px;line-height:35px"&gt; &lt;div class="pre" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:8px"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="label" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-family:arial;font-weight:bold;color:rgb(51,51,51)"&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/documents/21686885/embeds" style="color:rgb(128,128,128);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none"&gt;Embeds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:8px;border-right-width:1px;border-right-style:solid;border-right-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;height:36px;line-height:35px"&gt; &lt;div class="pre" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:8px"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="label" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-family:arial;font-weight:bold;color:rgb(51,51,51)"&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/documents/21686885/referrers" style="color:rgb(128,128,128);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none"&gt;Referrers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:8px;border-right-width:1px;border-right-style:solid;border-right-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;height:36px;line-height:35px"&gt; &lt;div class="pre" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:8px"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="label" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-family:arial;font-weight:bold;color:rgb(51,51,51)"&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/documents/21686885/search" style="color:rgb(128,128,128);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none"&gt;Search Keywords&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:8px;border-right-width:1px;border-right-style:solid;border-right-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;height:36px;line-height:35px"&gt; &lt;div class="pre" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:8px"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="label" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-family:arial;font-weight:bold;color:rgb(51,51,51)"&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/documents/21686885/doc_search" style="color:rgb(128,128,128);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none"&gt;In-Document Search&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:8px;border-right-width:1px;border-right-style:solid;border-right-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;font-size:12px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;height:36px;line-height:35px"&gt; &lt;div class="pre" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:8px"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="label" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-family:arial;font-weight:bold;color:rgb(51,51,51)"&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/documents/21686885/heatmap" style="color:rgb(128,128,128);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none"&gt;Heatmap&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:8px;border-right-width:1px;border-right-style:solid;border-right-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="calendar_container" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;float:right;white-space:nowrap;height:28px"&gt; &lt;div class="inner_calendar_container" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;vertical-align:top"&gt;&lt;div id="calendar_form" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt; &lt;span class="showing_data_text" style="color:rgb(153,153,153);vertical-align:middle"&gt;Showing data from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div id="calendar_display_container" class="" style&gt;&lt;span id="calendar_start_display"&gt;Oct 01, 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="preposition" style="color:rgb(153,153,153);padding-top:0px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:5px"&gt; to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="calendar_end_display"&gt;Jan 23, 2012&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/pro_stats/documents/21686885?start=2012-01-22&amp;amp;end=2012-01-23&amp;amp;granularity=day&amp;amp;norm=15#" id="calendar_toggle" class="" style="color:rgb(25,130,171);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;text-decoration:none;width:7px;height:4px;margin-left:5px;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s6.scribdassets.com/images/pro_stats/triangle_datepicker_7x4.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="mask" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="autogen_class_views_pro_stats_data_widgets_main_table autogen_class_views_pro_stats_data_widgets_table autogen_class_views_pro_stats_data_widgets_base autogen_class_views_pro_stats_data_widgets_assignable_base" id="autogen_id_733994342" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(54,54,54);font-family:arial,&amp;#39;helvetica neue&amp;#39;,helvetica,Trebuchet,sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;text-align:left;background-color:rgb(246,246,255)"&gt; &lt;h3 class="plot_title" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:rgb(153,153,153);font-family:Georgia,Palatino,&amp;#39;Palatino Linotype&amp;#39;,Times,&amp;#39;Times New Roman&amp;#39;,serif;font-style:italic;line-height:38px;letter-spacing:-1px;display:inline;vertical-align:bottom"&gt; Recent Activity&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="clearfix" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;zoom:1"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="section graph" id="autogen_id_733994342_plot" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;clear:both;white-space:nowrap;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:initial;border-bottom-color:initial"&gt; &lt;div class="canvas" id="autogen_id_733994342_canvas" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block"&gt;320160001/201004/201007/201010/201001/201104/201107/201110/201101/2012&lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt; &lt;div class="hovercard" style&gt;&lt;div class="date_container" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold"&gt; &lt;span class="date"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:inherit;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr class="field_row"&gt;&lt;td class="field_label_cell" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:2px"&gt;&lt;span class="field_label" style="color:rgb(25,143,190)"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="field_value" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:2px;text-align:right"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="field_units" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:2px"&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table class="datatable doc_drilldown" id="autogen_id_733994342_table" width="100%" style="font-size:inherit;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(102,102,102);empty-cells:show"&gt; &lt;thead id=""&gt;&lt;tr class="labels"&gt;&lt;th class="data sortable sorted" scope="col" title="Reads" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:6px;text-align:center;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:16px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(250,250,250);width:140px"&gt; &lt;span class="top_arrow" style="display:block;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s6.scribdassets.com/images/pro_stats/selected_header_triangle_21x9.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);width:21px;height:9px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="top_arrow" style="display:block;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s6.scribdassets.com/images/pro_stats/selected_header_triangle_21x9.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);width:21px;height:9px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Reads&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th class="data sortable" scope="col" title="Embed Reads" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:6px;text-align:center;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:16px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;width:140px"&gt; Embed Reads&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class="data sortable" scope="col" title="Readcasts" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:6px;text-align:center;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:16px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;width:140px"&gt; Readcasts&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class="data" scope="col" title="Engagement" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:6px;text-align:center;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:16px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;width:140px"&gt; Engagement&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="totals" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,238);font-weight:bold"&gt;&lt;td class="data sortable sorted" scope="col" title="Reads" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;text-align:center;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(243,243,243);border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt; 12,045&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="data sortable" scope="col" title="Embed Reads" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;text-align:center;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt; 313&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="data sortable" scope="col" title="Readcasts" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;text-align:center;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt; 105&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="data" scope="col" title="Engagement" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;text-align:center;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204)"&gt; &lt;span class="avg_text"&gt;3:43&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;a class="datatableMore" style="color:rgb(25,130,171);outline-style:none;outline-width:initial;outline-color:initial;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;padding-top:10px;padding-right:10px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:10px"&gt;Show More...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;hr style="background-color:rgb(246,246,255);border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;clear:both;color:rgb(228,228,228);height:10px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;background-image:url(&amp;#39;http://s6.scribdassets.com/images/pro_stats/grad_sep.png?1326489461&amp;#39;);font-family:arial,&amp;#39;helvetica neue&amp;#39;,helvetica,Trebuchet,sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;text-align:left;background-repeat:repeat no-repeat"&gt; &lt;div class="section" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:10px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;clear:both;white-space:nowrap;color:rgb(54,54,54);font-family:arial,&amp;#39;helvetica neue&amp;#39;,helvetica,Trebuchet,sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;text-align:left;background-color:rgb(246,246,255)"&gt; &lt;div class="autogen_class_views_pro_stats_data_widgets_countries_table autogen_class_views_pro_stats_data_widgets_table autogen_class_views_pro_stats_data_widgets_base autogen_class_views_pro_stats_data_widgets_assignable_base chart chart_left" id="autogen_id_733993362" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:10px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block;width:472px;vertical-align:top"&gt; &lt;table class="datatable" id="autogen_id_733993362_table" width="100%" style="font-size:inherit;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(102,102,102);empty-cells:show"&gt; &lt;thead id=""&gt;&lt;tr class="labels"&gt;&lt;th class="data label" scope="col" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-align:left;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;width:368px"&gt; &lt;h3 style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:rgb(153,153,153);font-family:Georgia,Palatino,&amp;#39;Palatino Linotype&amp;#39;,Times,&amp;#39;Times New Roman&amp;#39;,serif;font-style:italic;line-height:14px;letter-spacing:-1px;display:inline"&gt; Reads by Region&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class="data" scope="col" title="Reads" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-align:center;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;width:140px"&gt; Reads&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class="data" scope="col" title="%" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-align:center;line-height:12px;font:normal normal bold 13px/normal Arial;white-space:nowrap;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;width:140px"&gt; %&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr class=""&gt;&lt;td class="data label" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt; Pakistan&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="data" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt; 673&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="data" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt; 29.9%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class=""&gt;&lt;td class="data label" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt; United States&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="data" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt; 595&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="data" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt; 26.4%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class=""&gt;&lt;td class="data label" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt; United Kingdom&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="data" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt; 154&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="data" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt; 6.8%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class=""&gt;&lt;td class="data label" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt; India&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="data" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt; 132&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="data" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt; 5.9%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class=""&gt;&lt;td class="data label" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:left"&gt; Australia&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="data" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt; 80&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="data" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:6px;padding-right:2px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:2px;text-shadow:white 1px 1px 1px;height:16px;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:8px;border-left-width:8px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-bottom-color:rgb(204,204,204);text-align:right"&gt; 3.6%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="chart chart_right" id="autogen_id_733993362_geo" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;display:inline-block"&gt; &lt;div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"&gt;&lt;div class="hovercard" style&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br class="Apple-interchange-newline"&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;-- &lt;br&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;font color="#0000ee"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/61839666/Indo-Pak-Wars-A-Pictorial-History" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/61839666/Indo-Pak-Wars-A-Pictorial-History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;font color="#0000ee"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;font color="#0000ee"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/21686885/TALIBAN-WAR-IN-PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN-A-WRITERS-PERCEPTIONS-FROM-2001-TO-2011" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/21686885/TALIBAN-WAR-IN-PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN-A-WRITERS-PERCEPTIONS-FROM-2001-TO-2011&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;font color="#0000ee"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;font color="#0000ee"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/22457862/Military-Decision-making-and-leadership" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/22457862/Military-Decision-making-and-leadership&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;font color="#0000ee"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;font color="#0000ee"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/22151765/History-of-Pakistan-Army-from-1757-to-1971-PRINTING-ENABLED-Do-acknowledge-to-the-author" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/22151765/History-of-Pakistan-Army-from-1757-to-1971-PRINTING-ENABLED-Do-acknowledge-to-the-author&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt; 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&lt;div&gt;&lt;font color="#0000ee"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;font color="#0000ee"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/22107238/HISTORY" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/22107238/HISTORY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/21693873/Indo-Pak-Wars-1947-71-A-STRATEGIC-AND-OPERATIONAL-ANALYSIS-BY-A-H-AMIN-THIS-BOOK-CAN-BE-PRINTED-FROM-THIS-SITE" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/21693873/Indo-Pak-Wars-1947-71-A-STRATEGIC-AND-OPERATIONAL-ANALYSIS-BY-A-H-AMIN-THIS-BOOK-CAN-BE-PRINTED-FROM-THIS-SITE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;Man would indeed be in a poor way if he had to be restrained by fear of punishment and hope of reward after death.&amp;quot;  --&lt;br&gt;Albert Einstein !!!&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8791862814764903320-7432846620904794215?l=human-nature-life.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/feeds/7432846620904794215/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8791862814764903320&amp;postID=7432846620904794215' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default/7432846620904794215'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8791862814764903320/posts/default/7432846620904794215'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://human-nature-life.blogspot.com/2012/01/taliban-war-in-pakistan-afghanistan.html' title='TALIBAN WAR IN PAKISTAN , AFGHANISTAN-A WRITERS PERCEPTIONS FROM 2001 TO 2011-READING STATISTICS'/><author><name>Agha H Amin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01572595170538342875</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8bEdZGbBsg0/S7atvb5_8yI/AAAAAAAAJiY/CqePEEKMJ-4/S220/14+NOV+07+2.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8791862814764903320.post-6207164349671146231</id><published>2012-01-22T22:05:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-22T22:15:04.539-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Why Tanks Failed in Indo Pak Wars</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Why Tanks Failed in Indo Pak Wars&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Handling of Armour in Indo-Pak War&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;Pakistan Armoured Corps as a Case Study&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"&gt;Maj (Retd) AGHA HUMAYUN AMIN&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; text-align: left; text-indent: 10px;"&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;strong style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; text-indent: 10px;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_8bEdZGbBsg0/StLEJNwFBsI/AAAAAAAAIIE/yWAbQUUQUsg/s1600-h/tm+2.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: red; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: purple; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5391587366505088706" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_8bEdZGbBsg0/StLEJNwFBsI/AAAAAAAAIIE/yWAbQUUQUsg/s400/tm+2.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; height: 400px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;oor handling of armour at and beyond brigade level in all Indo Pak Wars fought from 1947-48 till 1971 stands out as the principal cause of stagnation and lack of decisiveness in the final outcome of all three Indo Pak wars. On the face value this may appear to be an oversimplified view , however a dispassionate study of the British-Indian military tradition proves that this assertion is far more closer to truth than many military observers and analysts may have realised in actual on ground military analysis as far as military history writing in the Indo Pak scenario is concerned.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;In this brief article, we will survey the entire canvas of British-Indo Pak military tradition from the eighteenth century till to date and endeavour to arrive at certain analytical conclusions which may help us in improving doctrine operational philosophy and handling of armour in a future war, or at least in military training.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;THE PRE 1947 LEGACY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;CAVALRY IN PRE WW ONE BRITISH INDIAN WARS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Cavalry was the decisive arm of battle till at least the 1740s in India. It may be noted that the "superiority of the infantry-artillery team based European way of war, over the cavalry charge based Asiatic way of warfare"1, was,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;for the first time&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;demonstrated at the Battle of Saint Thome in 1746,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;where the French-Native troops of the French East India Company,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;under the&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Paradis, a Swiss soldier of fortune on the French East India Company's payroll,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;brushed aside&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;the much larger and at least outwardly awesome cavalry heavy army of, Anwaruddin, the Nawab of Carnatic. Thus in words of the Cambridge historian&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;"Cavalry could make no impression on&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;troops that kept their ranks and reserved their fire" The terror of Asiatic armies had disappeared2! Cavalry, however, retained its own decisive role at the tactical level as a flank protection and limited attack role on the battlefield and as a protective element and strategic screen /raiding and harassing force at the strategic level. Since the Marathas and Mysore forces of Hyder Ali relied heavily on cavalry as a strategic screen and as a raiding force the British were also forced to raise regular native cavalry regiments. This process started from 1672 but was assumed a significant shape from once the Moghal Horse was raised at Patna in July 1760 under Sardars Mirza Shahbaz Khan and Mirza Tar Beg3. It may be noted that this unit was officered entirely by Indians. The British attitude at this time was that "cavalry was a rather flashy extravagance"4 and they preferred getting it on loan from native rulers rather than having their own Native&amp;nbsp;cavalry units. Thus, in the south the Nawab of&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Arcot and in the north the Nawab of Oudh were asked by the British to supply cavalry and raise cavalry units for war service with the English East India Company. The British discovered that cavalry taken on loan from the Nawab of Arcot and Nawab of Oudh was unreliable under fire and raised their own native cavalry units in Bengal and Madras officered by Europeans from the mid and late 1770s.5 Cavalry was first seriously recognised as an arm of decision once General Gerard Lake who was basically an infantryman arrived in India in&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;1801 as C in C Bengal Army . General Lake&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;for the first time organised&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;cavalry as brigades of two units 6. Lake decided to do so since he felt that Maratha cavalry was too efficient vis a vis the company's cavalry and there was a need for reorganisation and reform. Lake thus&amp;nbsp;gave serious thought to cavalry training and the first major cavalry training manoeuvres in the Company's military history were held in 1802. Cavalry units were trained hard and the standard set was 45 miles in 24 hours. Lake also increased&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;cavalry's firepower by attaching two six pounder galloper horse artillery guns to each cavalry regiment.7&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The reader may note that while the Bengal Infantry from the beginning was Hindu dominated, cavalry at the outset was a wholly Muslim arm. Such was the Muslim dominance that even the British C in C of Bengal Army8 (also C in C India) Major John Carnac declared that "The Mughals ( Muslim of Central Asian/West of Khyber ancestry) .....are the only good horsemen in India"9. The Bengal infantry from the very beginning had no Bengalis since the English Company had the choice to recruit soldiers of fortune of "Jat" "Rohilla (Hindustani Pathan or anyone with a Pathan ancestry)" Buxarries (Hindu Bhumihar Brahmans from Buxar area in modern&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Bihar province who had been recruited in Mughal Army also10) Jats (largely Hindustani Hindu but possibly some Muslims) Rajputs (mostly Hindustani Hindu from Oudh and Bihar) and Brahmans11. Even in Britain cavalry was seen as a feudal dominated arm and known as the "arm of fashion and wealth".12&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Cavalry was decisively employed by General Lake in the Second Maratha War, notably at Fatehgarh which was an all cavalry battle.13&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Lake brilliantly used cavalry as a lightning leading force to reconnoitre otherwise impregnable Maratha defensive oppositions so that infantry and artillery were used with maximum effect at the decisive moment. Lake often used cavalry to the point of rashness. At the Battle of Delhi he brilliantly employed his cavalry in a feint withdrawal tempting the French trained and led Marathas to leave an otherwise impregnable defensive position to attack the supposedly withdrawing cavalry, while Lake brought up his infantry to counterattack the overconfident Marathas! The Maratha War was a lesson for the British in cavalry's capabilities as well as limitations. At Laswari&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;where Lake finally decisively defeated the Maratha main army under the Hindustani Pathan Sarwar Khan14, he advanced single-handed with his cavalry against a Maratha army which Lake thought was retreating . His cavalry initially achieved a breakthrough, but was then held up by Maratha artillery fire and Lake was able to finally defeat the Marathas only after his infantry joined him at midday.15 Laswari once again proved that cavalry was not as much of an arm of decision as infantry, for it was the British Indian infantry that finally saved the day at Laswari.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Cavalry was again significantly&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;employed in the Third Maratha/Pindari War. This was essentially a cleanup operation covering thousands of miles and was essentially a war of movement suiting the cavalry. Cavalry was used to locate the Pindaris while infantry was later used to attack and&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;destroy them. The most notable cavalry action of this war took place at Sitabaldi where the 6th Bengal Native Cavalry defeated a much larger combined Maratha-Arab Muslim force singlehandedly.16&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Cavalry's importance started declining from 1817 onwards . Although it performed important reconnaissance and protection duties in the First Afghan War the mountainous terrain and poor logistics limited its role severely. The Sikh Wars were also wholly infantry dominated wars in which Sikhs dug themselves up into entrenchments which were stormed by the British at great human cost. The Second Sikh&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;War was particularly unfortunate for Indian cavalry because of flight of a cavalry brigade of two British and two native units at Chillianwalla which led to a serious British reverse. Cavalry's role by 1857 was reduced to escorting artillery siege trains, supply convoys and flank protection. Since most of the battles of the Sepoy Rebellion were fought in built up areas cavalry had a limited role.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The most decisive change in Indian Cavalry which started from 1858 was the mixing up of the class composition by the British with a view to reducing chances of any further rebellion. This was done because the Sepoy Rebellion was largely led and sparked by the Hindustani Pathan/Ranghar Muslim units of the Bengal Army. Most notable of all being the seizure of Delhi in the early hours of 11th May 1857, by the 3rd Bengal Native Light Cavalry (raised in 1776) after reducing into shock and inertia a British garrison of one Royal British Army infantry and one cavalry regiment at Meerut on 10th May&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;1857. The British adopted a firm policy not to have a Muslim dominated cavalry. Thus Cavalry was made a mixed&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;arm after 1857 with almost equal proportions of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs in each unit The only exception to this rule being&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;two&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;one class units of Muslims and one of&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Hindus.17&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; text-indent: 10px;"&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; text-align: left; text-indent: 10px;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_8bEdZGbBsg0/TOwBYzltxGI/AAAAAAAAMeY/yMuFr1H8CEo/s1600/bangash.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: red; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: purple; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640px" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_8bEdZGbBsg0/TOwBYzltxGI/AAAAAAAAMeY/yMuFr1H8CEo/s640/bangash.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="480px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;WW ONE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Cavalry remained an arm dominated by rich men more interested in polo and pig sticking from the 1860s till the First World War. Two Indian&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;cavalry divisions were sent to France as part of the allied cavalry corps, but remained largely unemployed with few exceptions like the Hodson's Horse which was used in mounted infantry role18. One controversial albeit tangible way of gauging Cavalry's contribution in WW One and Two may be the&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;fact that the lone Victoria Cross won by an Indian cavalry man/Tankman in both world wars out of the total 35 won by Indians was won in France by a Hindu Rajputana Rajput in WW One while performing the duties of a despatch rider19! Indian Cavalry was relatively more decisively used in the Mesopotamian and Palestine Campaigns notably in the final allied offensive in 1918 when General Allenby successfully used&amp;nbsp;cavalry with great effect in the battles of Gaza, Beersheeba etc along with eight British manned tanks20. The Turks were heavily outnumbered in the Palestine Campaign of 1917-18 and there was far more freedom of manoeuvre for cavalry to be employed for carrying out raids and outflanking marches21. The main fighting was, however, done by the infantry and cavalry remained an important but essentially second important arm.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The First World War marked a turning point in warfare. Infantry failed to achieve a breakthrough on the Western Front and its place as the arm of decision was challenged seriously for the first time since the Battle of Crecy (1346). Introduction of tanks in 1916 broke the stalemate despite faulty employment doctrine. However, tanks despite their relatively significant role in the German defeat in World War One failed to achieve a major victory because of mechanical failures and poor employment doctrine.22 The British Army was an infantry/cavalry&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;dominated army and till the end of WW One tanks were still viewed as an important but not as decisive an arm as infantry23. Tanks found an antidote soon. It was at Battle of Cambrai where tanks for the first time, at one of the five points of breakthrough, were effectively engaged and destroyed by a single German Field Artillery Battery which destroyed many tanks by direct fire.24 Tanks played a crucial role at Battle of Amiens in 1918 which was termed by military analysts as turning point of the war and as the "Black Day" of the German Army by General Ludendorff. The true worth of tanks, however, was still not appreciated, since the Germans were able to stabilise their front, thanks to conservative British doctrine of exploiting breakthroughs.25 Although the Royal Tank Corps was created from 28 July 1917, 26&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Tanks as an entity did not have any Godfather in the British military hierarchy and this ensured that their true significance was not appreciated at least in the British and Indian Army. Once the allied armies were demobilised the tank was forgotten and the old generals once again elevated infantry to the role of arm of decision.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;INTER WAR&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;YEARS-1918-39&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;First World War brought very few changes in the Indian Army and the Indian Army remained an infantry cavalry army retaining twenty one Horse Cavalry regiments27 after the 1920-21 reorganisation. Indians thus had nothing to do with tanks till 1937-3828 when, keeping in view the growing German military threat and relative backwardness of the Indian Army it was decided to mechanise two Indian cavalry units i.e 13 Lancers and 14 Scinde Horse29. Both were given a squadron each of Vickers Light Tanks and Crossley Armoured Cars, phased out from British units 30 . The reader may note that the main problem in mechanisation of Indian cavalry in the interwar years was not essentially conservatism but lack of funds. Three of the five Indian Army chiefs in the inter war years were from cavalry31 and&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;wanted to mechanise the Indian Cavalry. Their efforts to do so failed because of lack of funds and economic depression of the inter war years.32 Thus on the eve of WW Two in 1939 just two Indian cavalry units were mechanised. The outbreak of World War Two forced the British to speed up mechanisation but initially mechanisation for Indians meant only trucks or armoured cars. There was one important measure which the British undertook and which most probably attracted the best available manpower to try to enrol in the Indian Armoured Corps.This was an almost&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;doubling of the pay of the Armoured Corps soldiers from around 18 rupees&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;to 33 rupees per month.33 This was done in October 1942, once General Martel who was visiting India in order to reorganise the Indian Armoured Corps was told that "India had a mercenary army" and that the best men in India would not join he Indian Armoured Corps if they were paid Rs 18 per month which was the average monthly pay of an Indian soldier.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;SECOND WORLD WAR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;THE BURMA FRONT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;It was Burma where the Indians for the first time thanks to US military aid to Britain were given the latest tanks of World War Two. Both the Indian tank brigades i.e.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;254 (which led 33 Corps advance) and 255 (which led 4 Corps advance) were equipped with Grant and Sherman tanks.These brigades however had a limited infantry support role. It cannot be said that the Indians who fought as tankmen learnt anything really worthwhile about modern armoured warfare. The tank warfare conducted in Burma was a one sided show with the British Indian Army having 300 most modern Grant and Sherman tanks34&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;against&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;just one Japanese Tank Regiment35 consisting&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;of tanks which could not have the firepower or&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;capability to destroy the Grants and Shermans of the Indian tank brigades!36 Mostly they were in support of infantry and the Japanese in front of them had hardly any tanks to match the heavy Shermans etc with which the Indian cavalry regiments were equipped. Thus there were hardly any tank to tank fights&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;since the Japanese hardly possessed anything to oppose the latest Sherman and Grant tanks. The only resistance that these tanks encountered was from Japanese anti tank guns and artillery at very close ranges and these were relatively rare since the British always enjoyed numerical superiority in the later stages of the Burmese campaign and the British Indian infantry was always in close support of their tanks. In war once the enemy is vastly undergunned and underequipped to oppose you, little can be learned in terms of tactical or operational lessons. Brigadier Riaz ul Karim whose unit 5 Horse was equipped with Shermans in Burma has claimed that he was the only Indian who commanded a tank squadron in actual action in Burma and also won an MC. If this is true then the only Pakistani officer who actually commanded a tank squadron (not armoured car or tracked carrier) in WW Two was a sidelined man in the Ayubian era before 1965 war broke out!37 In any case Indian or Pakistani officers could have learnt little about armour tactics in Burma&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;which was essentially an infantry man's war and in which the enemy was vastly outnumbered both qualitatively as well as quantitatively as far as the tanks were concerned.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--Vc0uTK1u4s/TV1dcLFFRqI/AAAAAAAADg8/Nv37v56AEVI/s1600/DO+COMDT+WEST+POINT.jpg" style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-bottom-color: red; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 10px;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640px" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--Vc0uTK1u4s/TV1dcLFFRqI/AAAAAAAADg8/Nv37v56AEVI/s640/DO+COMDT+WEST+POINT.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="550px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;NORTH AFRICAN&amp;nbsp;THEATRE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;In the North African theatre the Indian armour experience was also quite limited. The Indian 3rd Motor Brigade that reached North Africa in early 1941 was equipped with soft skinned wheeled vehicles and did little except evading getting captured by the tanks of Rommel's Afrika Korps!38 Even their British masters were so inept in handling of tanks that the Germans inflicted various major defeats on them despite the fact that the British were numerically as well as qualitatively superior to the Germans! In such an environment Indians could have learnt little about armoured warfare. The British tanks in North Africa were famous for doing one of the two things. Either they would recklessly charge a well prepared German or Italian position, without any deliberate support from the despicable artillery, and return with a bloody nose or would exercise extreme caution once restrained by "Take no Risk, do nothing till you enjoy overwhelming numerical superiority" policy of commanders like Ritchie or Montgommery as happened in various operational situations throughout the North African campaign from 1941 to 1943, thus allowing the enemy to counter attack decisively and turn the scales or to disengage and occupy another sound defensive position. In any case the Indians were organised as infantry divisions or as Light Recce elements in motorised brigades and did not have tanks in this sector, which ensured that their experiences were limited as far as true armoured warfare was concerned. The Indian whose battle performance was most distinguished in this sector in tangible terms was Major Rajendarsinhji then a squadron commander of 2nd Gardner's Horse who was awarded a Distinguished Service Order&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;in 1941 for breaking out and capturing 300 enemy troops as prisoners.39&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;The South African official historian correctly observed that ".....the armoured car regiments were employed almost exclusively in observation which they performed with commendable efficiency, but there was little else in the desert campaigns that they were equipped to do. The armour of their cars was inadequate, being vulnerable to everything save rifle fire, and their armament a machine gun at best was useless save for shooting up thin skinned and defenceless transport". 40&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;OTHER THEATRES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Indian armour was deployed in other theatres like Italy, Sudan Malaya etc but here too their role was scouting and observation rather than anything more significant and the few armour officers who served in these theatres could have learnt very little about real tank battles even at squadron and unit level. The operations in these areas were infantry dominated in any case and in Italy warfare had degenerated to the positional battles of WW One.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;POST 1947 DEVELOPMENTS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;1947-1965&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;INITIAL ORGANISATION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Pakistan Army, as a result of the division of the pre 1947 British Indian Army on a communal basis, inherited six armoured regiments at the time of transfer of power and partition of India. These six units were constituted from Muslim manpower of units transferred to Pakistan and those transferred to India as the following two tables indicate 41:—&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="253" style="width: 660px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="7" height="17" width="658"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORIGINAL CLASS COMPOSITION OF ARMOURED UNITS ALLOTTED TO PAKISTAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" height="47" width="134"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;REGIMENT&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" height="47" width="144"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;RANGHAR/RAJPUT MUSLIM (HINDUSTANI MUSLIMS)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" height="47" width="88"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;PATHAN MUSLIM&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" height="47" width="85"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;PUNJABI MUSLIM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" height="47" width="61"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;SIKHS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" height="47" width="68"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;HINDU DOGRAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" height="47" width="66"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;HINDU JAT&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height="21" width="134"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="144"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="88"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="85"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="61"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="68"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="66"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height="21" width="134"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;13 LANCERS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="144"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="88"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="85"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="61"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="68"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="66"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height="21" width="134"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;GUIDES&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="144"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="88"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="85"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="61"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="68"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="66"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height="21" width="134"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;11 CAVALRY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="144"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="88"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="85"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="61"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="68"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="66"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height="21" width="134"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;5 HORSE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="144"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="88"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="85"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="61"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="68"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="66"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height="21" width="134"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;6 LANCERS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="144"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="88"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="85"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="61"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="68"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="66"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height="21" width="134"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;19 LANCERS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="144"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="88"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="85"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="61"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="68"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="66"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height="21" width="134"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;TOTAL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="144"&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="88"&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="85"&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="61"&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="68"&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" height="21" width="66"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height="21" width="134"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;18&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;SQUADRONS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td height="21" width="144"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td height="21" width="88"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td height="21" width="85"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td height="21" width="61"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td height="21" width="68"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td height="21" width="66"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The deficiency of 10 Muslim Squadrons was made up by inter unit transfers from the following units allotted to India:—&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 660px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="132"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;REGIMENT&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;PUNJABI MUSLIMS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;HINDUSTANI&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;MUSLIMS (RANGHARS)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;KAIMKHANI (MUSLIMS (RAJPUTS)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;PATHAN MUSLIMS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;17&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;POONA HORSE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1 (TO 19 LANCERS)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;14 SCINDE HORSE&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1 (TO 13 LANCERS)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1 (TO GUIDES)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;4 HODSON HORSE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1 (TO GUIDES)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;2 LANCERS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;PARTS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;TO 11 CAVALRY&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;9 DECCAN HORSE&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;SOME MEN&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;TO&amp;nbsp;11 CAVALRY AND 1 SQUADRON TO 5 HORSE&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;7 CAVALRY&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1 (TO 6 LANCERS)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;8 CAVALRY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1 (TO 6 LANCERS)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;PARTS TO 11 CAVALRY&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;1ST SKINNERS HORSE&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1 (TO 11 CAVALRY)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;18 CAVALRY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1 SQUADRON TO 5 HORSE&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;CENTRAL INDIA HORSE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1 (TO 19 LANCERS)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;TOTAL&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;5. 5&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;SQUADRONS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1. 5&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;SQUADRONS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;2 SQUADRONS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="132"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1 SQUADRON&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The above thus made the class composition of the Pakistan Armoured Corps as following :—&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 660px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="115"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;ETHNIC GROUP&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="146"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;PATHAN MUSLIMS-RECRUITED ONLY FROM 1846&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="182"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;PUNJABI MUSLIM RECRUITED ONLY FROM&amp;nbsp;1846&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="217"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;RAJPUT/HINDUSTANI/KAIMKHANI/RANGHAR MOSTLY&amp;nbsp;FROM UNITS RAISED IN 1804-1846&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="115"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;NUMBER OFSQUADRONS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="146"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;3&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="182"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;9. 5&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="217"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;5. 5&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="4" width="658"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;General Messervy the first Britisher C in C of the Pakistan Army was a cavalryman from 4 Hodson's Horse/13 Lancers42, along with Gracey as Chief of Staff and his team of Pakistani and British officers had organised the Pakistani General Headquarters at Rawalpindi in the old buildings that had once housed the pre 1947 headquarters of the old Northern Command. By January 1948 Messervy had reorganised the armoured regiments as following43:—&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="115"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;FORMATION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="146"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;LOCATION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="182"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;UNIT ALLOTTED&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="217"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;REMARKS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="115"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;7 DIVISION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="146"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;HQ AT RAWALPINDI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="182"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;11 CAVALRY&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="217"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;LIGHT ARMOURED REGIMENT&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="115"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;8 DIVISION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="146"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;HQ AT KARACHI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="182"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;NIL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="217"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;NIL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="115"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;9 (F)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;DIVISION&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="146"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;HQ AT PESHAWAR&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="182"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;10 GUIDES CAVALRY&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="217"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;HEAVY ARMOURED REGIMENT&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="115"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;10 DIVISION&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="146"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;HQ AT LAHORE&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="182"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;6 LANCERS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="217"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;LIGHT ARMOURED REGIMENT&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="115"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;3RD INDEPENDENT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="146"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;HQ AT RISALPUR&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="182"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;13 LANCERS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="217"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;MEDIUM ARMOURED REGIMENT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="115"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;ARMOURED BRIGADE&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="146"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="182"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;5 HORSE&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;19 LANCERS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="217"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;MEDIUM ARMOURED REGIMENT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WcXygdDssoY/TUpgnh-xDeI/AAAAAAAAC78/UorcZAyB_tg/s1600/TITLE+ESSENTIAL+CLAUSEWITZ+POWER+PT.jpg" style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-bottom-color: red; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 10px;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640px" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WcXygdDssoY/TUpgnh-xDeI/AAAAAAAAC78/UorcZAyB_tg/s640/TITLE+ESSENTIAL+CLAUSEWITZ+POWER+PT.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="512px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;EMPLOYMENT OF ARMOUR IN 1947-48 WAR&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Although 3rd Armoured Brigade was equipped with Shermans, Pakistani General Headquarters did not employ any Pakistani tanks in the 1947-48 Kashmir War. Mr Jinnah the Governor General wanted to conduct the war aggressively,and had the vision but not the energy . He was a dying man and had too many things to do. Unfortunately he was&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;not supported by his ethnically divided as well highly incompetent and irresolute cabinet of weak men who had neither the vision nor the resolution to function as a war cabinet! The Pakistan Army on the other hand was commanded by a non interested Britisher.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The 11 Cavalry equipped with armoured cars were the only unit employed in the war. The GHQ assigned the unit an essentially defensive and passive role but the indomitable Colonel Tommy Masud commanding the unit&amp;nbsp;was too resolute a man to be restrained 44. The unit thus took a prominent part in operations in Bhimbhar-Mirpur area under Tommy Masud, but its role remained limited since it was not allowed to conduct any major offensive operation to support the militia by an over cautious general headquarters.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The Indians on the other hand employed their armour much more aggressively and imaginatively in Kashmir. Armoured cars of the 7th Light Cavalry saved Srinagar in November 194745. The Indians also employed tanks decisively in recapture of strategic towns like Jhangar and Rajauri of which the latter was captured single-handedly by a tank squadron of Central India Horse46. The greatest Indian strategic success by employment of tanks was the recapture of the otherwise impregnable 11,578 feet high Zojila Pass on 1st November 194847&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;which enabled them to relieve Leh and recapture the vast bulk of Ladakh. These areas&amp;nbsp;without Zojila Pass were&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;for all purposes lost to the Indians. Today the Pakistan Army is still paying the price for loss of Zojila with approximately three infantry brigades committed in Pakistan held Kashmir opposite Indian held Ladakh.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; text-indent: 10px;"&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;strong style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; text-indent: 10px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;strong style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; text-indent: 10px;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_8bEdZGbBsg0/StLEIS9FbrI/AAAAAAAAIH0/VnMqqlkKhvY/s1600-h/tm15.jpg" style="color: purple; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5391587350721949362" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_8bEdZGbBsg0/StLEIS9FbrI/AAAAAAAAIH0/VnMqqlkKhvY/s400/tm15.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; height: 186px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The rule of the thumb of the 1947-48&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;War was the fact that all Indian successes had a deep connection with presence of tanks or armoured cars while all Pakistani failures were attributable to the absence of tanks or armoured cars! Indians stopped only where either the gradient became too steep for their tanks or where there were bottlenecks like the Indus or the Jhelum valley and tank or armoured cars could not make an impression.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The Pakistani GHQ finally moved the 3rd Armoured Brigade near Bhimbhar, for a projected counterstroke at Indian communications to Poonch, but was glad and relieved, at not employing it, when the Indians made a unilateral offer of ceasefire on 30 December 1947.48&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_WcXygdDssoY/TUphCaF1BpI/AAAAAAAAC8U/OGG_db5kBeQ/s1600/I+T+CONTENTS.jpg" style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-bottom-color: red; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 10px;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640px" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_WcXygdDssoY/TUphCaF1BpI/AAAAAAAAC8U/OGG_db5kBeQ/s640/I+T+CONTENTS.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="498px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;DEVELOPMENT'S&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;DURING 1948 -1965&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The Pakistan Armoured Corps was equipped almost wholly with&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;US tanks. These tanks as earlier discussed were supplied by the US in WW Two for the defence of Burma. The armoured cars were mostly of British origin but had proved obsolete even in WW Two and were slowly phased out in the period 1950-58 as US aid enabled the armoured corps to wholly switch to tanks from 1954 onwards. It appears that the policy makers in the Pakistan Army in 1954 did not really appreciate the importance of tanks. The first US military team, which came to Pakistan and surveyed the Pakistani military requirement ments after liaison and discussions with Pakistani officers thus, reported to the US Joint Chiefs Committee that the Pakistan Army needed equipment for one armoured brigade and four infantry divisions. The US Joint Chiefs added another armoured division to this estimate making the proposed four and half division plan the famous "Five and Half Divisions Plan"49.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The developments and changes that took place in Pakistani armour can be gauged from the following table:—&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 660px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="101"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;PERIOD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="226"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF ARMOURED REGIMENTS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="327"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;REMARKS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="101"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1947-48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" width="226"&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="327"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;13 Lancers,10 Cavalry,11 Cavalry,19 Lancers, 6 Lancers,5 Horse&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="101"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1949-1955&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" width="226"&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="327"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;15 Lancers and 12 Cavalry raised in 1955.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="101"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;1956-1962&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" width="226"&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="327"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;4, 22,23,24 ,25 Cavalry and 20 Lancers.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="101"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1962-1965&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center" width="226"&gt;18&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="327"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;30,31,32 and 33 TDU.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: white; font-size: small;"&gt;1947-1956&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: white; font-size: small;"&gt;1956-1965&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: white; font-size: small;"&gt;REMARKS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;3RD INDEPENDENT ARMOURED BRIGADE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1ST ARMOURED DIVISION COMPRISING&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1ST ARMOURED DIVISON RAISED IN 1956&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;3&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;AND 4 ARMOURED BRIGADES.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;AS PART OF 5 AND HALF DIVISION PLAN.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;5 ARMOURED BRIGADE ADDED LATER&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;THE DIVISON WAS ADDED ON INITIATIVE&amp;nbsp;OF US JCS.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;THREE DIVISIONAL&amp;nbsp; TANK REGIMENTS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;100 ARMOURED BRIGADE CODE NAME OF 6 ARMOURED DIVISION&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;RAISED&amp;nbsp;SHORTLY BEFORE THE WAR&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;RAISED FOR DEFENCE OF AREA NORTH OF RAVI SINCE 1ST ARMOURED DIVISION WAS GIVEN A ROLE SOUTH OF RAVI.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;DIVISIONAL TANK REGIMENTS AND ONE CORPS RECCE REGT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;12 CAVALRY, 15 AND 20 LANCERS&amp;nbsp;RECCE REGIMENTS.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;100 ARMOURED BRIGADE/&amp;nbsp;LATER 6 ARMOURED DIVISION&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;IN EXISTENCE SINCE THE FIFTIES BUT&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;REDESIGNATED AS THE 6 ARMOURED&amp;nbsp;DIVISION IN 1965&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;UNITS LOCATED IN THE FIFTIES AT&amp;nbsp;NOWSHERA, PESHAWAR, MANSAR ETC&amp;nbsp;BUT FINALLY LOCATED AT KHARIAN BEFORE&amp;nbsp;THE 1965 WAR.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;FOUR TANK DELIVERY REGIMENTS&amp;nbsp;RAISED IN 1965 TO AUGMENT ARMOUR&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;RESOURCES OF INFANTRY DIVISIONS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;TWO WITH FIFTEEN DIVISION IN SIALKOT-SHAKARGARH BULGE AND&amp;nbsp;ONE EACH WITH 10 AND 11 DIVISION&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;IN RAVI-SUTLEJ CORRIDOR.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;We have seen that the Pakistani armoured division was a gift of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff since the US Military advisory group had recommended a four and half division plan, which included, only&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;one armoured brigade. There is little doubt that in the hearts of their hearts the senior Pakistani lot, with men like Musa, described by Gul as selected for "dependability rather than merit "50 feared employing this division, in actual operations, more than the Indians! The problem with the army of that time, was not as Gul suggests, that it was infantry dominated. This as a matter of fact is the case with&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;all armies, since infantry is the largest arm and thus has the maximum number of officers. The problem was that historically, by virtue of conservative British traditions and the colonial legacy, there were very few officers, armour or non armour, who really understood tank warfare beyond squadron level. Whatever the reason, the only major armoured divisional training manoeuvre with troops, as per General Gul,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;held before the 1965 war was&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;one in 196151 (Gul has probably got the year wrong since both Musa and A.R Siddiqi&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;cite 1960) as to test the 1 Armoured Division&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;and this as per Gul's description was a Quixotic episode.52&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;The exercise was nicknamed "Tezgam" and according to both Gul and A.R Siddiqi was an utter fiasco,53 in the sense that despite ample, warning time the armoured division being exercised did no reconnaissance and tanks were launched in boggy country as&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;a result of which&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;a very large part of the armoured division got bogged down.54&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;The reader may note that "Exercise Tezgam"&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;was no haphazard affair, having been planned in advance and mentioned by Fazal Muqeem as one which "will be held"55&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;at the time of writing his book on the army.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The only positive aspect of this exercise not mentioned by Gul was reduction of the size of an armoured regiment from 75 to 44 Tanks56.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;This was a positive improvement since an armoured regiment with 75 Tank was an administrative nightmare and difficult to tactically control. The tanks rendered surplus were used to raise four more armoured regiments which were allotted to the infantry divisions and certainly improved their battle potential. As a result four more armoured regiments (22,23,24 &amp;amp; 25 Cavalry) were raised in 1962.57&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;During the period 1954-65 various Pakistani armour officers were sent to attend courses at the US Armour School Fort Knox . These courses however played limited role in the development of the Pakistanis since the US way of warfare was lavish and totally different from that of the Indo Pak scenario in terms of terrain, comparative level of infantry mobility etc. However, some officers who were assigned to revise tank manuals did employ US manuals apart from British tank manuals to good use as this scribe discovered while serving in the Tactical Wing of the School of Armour in the period 1990-91! 58&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Again during the same period professionalism in tank regiments varied from unit to unit. There was the case of a unit that painted the muzzle ends of the barrel of its main gun where cuttings are made to bore sight the guns and, would have been not very effective, had it been employed&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;in the 1965 war! There were cases of newly raised units led by some excellent officers like the 25 Cavalry. Thus on one side there were units who were as as non professional as British cavalry who were notoriously incompetent in fame for lopping off their own horses heads59 instead of the enemy's,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;because of poor cavalry swordmanship standards. On the other hand&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;there were units where professional efficiency was higher due to force of tradition or by virtue of having excellent commanding officers. In this regard the British system of each tank regiment having its own idiosyncrasies worked mostly in a negative manner! As I discovered much later that each tank regiment was as distinct from another as one Hindu caste from another and this was even in terms of training, operating procedures etc! The point is that the transformation from cavalry to mechanisation was thus not fully incorporated neither in the British Army nor in the British Indian Army, and the Indian tank experience against the hopelessly undergunned and ill equipped Japanese tanks in Burma in WW Two also was not helpful in developing levels of professional competence necessary in mechanised units.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The period 1951-1965 i.e the Ayubian era, was a period when one man dominated the army and as history has proved, dictators prefer working with men they know, and can trust. This was not helpful for the tank corps since the ruling clique was infantry dominated. I am not hinting that armour as an arm suffered Vis a Vis infantry as Gul's memoirs imply. Nor I am suggesting that there were no potential Guderians or Von Thomas. The point that is being driven home is,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;that the emphasis was on thrusting men on the armoured division who were not very imaginative or professional, but were essentially , loyal and dependable men. The same was true for infantry too, but armour despite being a highly specialised arm was treated as no different from infantry. In the process some relatively gifted armour officers without good family connections and without having the advantage of belonging to the ruling cliques regimental groups were sidelined. War record for promotion to higher ranks was no criteria at that time as has remained the case till to date, since its Godfather had the most dubious war record in the Indian Army of WW Two!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The Pakistan Armoured Corps thus remained a ceremonial but much neglected arm during the period 1951-65. No serious thought was given to developing a special Indo Pak doctrine of employment of the armoured division in the framework of a corps. The emphasis in the Ayubian army was on the "New Concept of Defence" which revolved around the infantry division and as per one general officer of that time "did not last even for the first day of 1965 War"!60&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;The ideas of the senior officers of that time about armour were vague but it was generally thought that Pakistani armour would perform roles similar to those of the German armour of 1940! The concept of friction and the independent will of the enemy was not really understood by these men who were of the firm conviction that by virtue of having martial races and better US tanks, it would not be very difficult to teach the Indians a good lesson in case of war! It was fashionable to read or pose to read "Rommel Papers"61 and Liddell Hart's "Strategy the Indirect Approach" 62&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;but no serious attempt was made in the armoured corps ,as the tank manuals and journals of that time amply prove,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;to understand the real mechanics of tank warfare or the essence of Blitzkrieg.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Even at the armoured brigade level no credible doctrine/tactics of the armoured battle at brigade level was developed . Each unit jealously guarded its traditions and remained a closed entity for other armoured units even within the same brigade. The armoured brigade commanders developed a similar to infantry brigade commanders with fixed field headquarters with reliance on despatch riders and liaison officers whereas mobile operations demanded that the armoured brigade commander stayed close to the leading regiment while his staff looked after the brigade headquarters.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The emphasis thus remained on the thinking that each unit must increase its battle honours while training at brigade and divisional level was neglected. Gul states that many of the armour commanders who performed miserably in 1965 were never tested in peacetime training. Thus while commenting on the pathetic handling of armour in Khem Karan in 1965 Gul said "It seems (commenting on Khem Karan operations) that the two Headquarters&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(11 Division and 1st Armoured Division) were paralysed by the very dimension of their undertaking........Had they physically handled their commands on manoeuvres in more normal times,they would have been either found out, and should have been sacked, or the enormity of the task that&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;confronted them later in the war would not have benumbed them".63&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;On the eve of 1965 war the Pakistan Armoured Corps was organised as following64:—&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 660px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="99"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;1 ARMOURED DIVISION&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="133"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;6 ARMOURED DIVISION&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="128"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;RECCE REGIMENTS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="146"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;INFANTRY DIVISIONAL&amp;nbsp; TANK REGIMENTS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="154"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;INFANTRY DIVISIONALTDU REGIMENTS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="99"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;6 LANCERS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="133"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;10 GUIDES CAVALRY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="128"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;15&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;LANCERS (WITH 11 DIV)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="146"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;23 CAVALRY&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(WITH 10 DIV)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="154"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;30 TDU ( WITH 10 DIV)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;31 TDU ( WITH 15 DIV)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="99"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;19 LANCERS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="133"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;11 CAVALRY&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="128"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;20 LANCERS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(WITH 15 DIV)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="146"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;25 CAVALRY&amp;nbsp;(WITH 15 DIV)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="154"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="99"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;5 HORSE&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="133"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;22 CAVALRY&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="128"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="146"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;13 LANCERS (7 DIV)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="154"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;32 TDU (WITH 11 DIV)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="99"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;12 CAVALRY(RECCE REGT)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="133"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="128"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="146"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="154"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&amp;nbsp;33 TDU (WITH 15 DIV)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="99"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;4 CAVALRY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="133"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="128"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="146"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="154"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="99"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;24 CAVALRY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="133"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="128"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="146"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="154"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WcXygdDssoY/TUpg5xCagyI/AAAAAAAAC8I/NsSxYW64spk/s1600/1+(18).jpg" style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-bottom-color: red; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 10px;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640px" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WcXygdDssoY/TUpg5xCagyI/AAAAAAAAC8I/NsSxYW64spk/s640/1+%252818%2529.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="458px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;EMPLOYMENT IN&amp;nbsp;1965 WAR OPERATION GRAND SLAM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Operation Grand Slam i.e the plan to capture Akhnur via a major divisional&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;level attack supported by two armoured regiments was the first major tank battle of Pakistan Armoured Corps. Chamb had always been a sensitive area since 1947 and in 1948 war the Indians had taken special care to station tanks here . However, in 1965 due to some phenomenally incompetent thinking at the higher level the Indians ignored this important sector and wishfully believed that the main Pakistani attack in the area will come in Jhangar area. As a matter of fact as early as 1955-56 the Indian 80 Brigade commander had appreciated the importance of Chamb-Jaurian-Akhnur area and had identified it as a weak area65&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;which needed to be defended in greater strength. In 1956 an Indian Corps exercise setting was based on the scenario that Pakistanis had captured Akhnur66.&amp;nbsp;The Indian High Command was as naive as the Pakistani GHQ in thinking that the Pakistanis will "not cross the international border&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(in Chamb area) because that would constitute an attack on India67", thus in words of Gurcharan&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;the southern half of the Chamb border (opposite the internationally recognised border) was rendered "sacrosanct"68. Chamb was held by a lone infantry brigade and was reinforced by a tank squadron of AMX-13 Light Tanks only in August 1965 69.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Pakistani armour enjoyed a marked qualitative and quantitative superiority over Indian armour in this operation. There were two Pakistani Patton regiments against one Indian light tank squadron in the battle . The single Indian AMX-13 squadron defending the area possessed relatively effective firepower (in terms of armour penetration)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;but was far inferior to the five Pakistani Patton squadrons in terms of protection (armour thickness) and was further dispersed since its area of responsibility was more than even that of one tank regiment. Thus while too wide an area of responsibility nullified the chances of its concentrated employment, poor armour protection gravely increased its vulnerability and seriously reduced its ability to manoeuvre or even jockey. The principal Indian advantage was bad terrain which enabled their anti tank guns (recoilless rifles) to engage Pakistani armour. However, this was balanced by surprise since the Indians were not expecting an armoured brigade size force in the sector.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Regardless of all rhetoric about Grand Slam's brilliance, armour was under-utilised and poorly employed. The vast numerical advantage of six to one in armour, was partially nullified by dividing the two tank regiments between two brigades who in turn dished out each tank squadron to one infantry battalion. Thus instead of using the armour as a punch it was used like a thin net, as a result of which its hitting power was vastly reduced while the Indians were able to engage tank squadrons made to charge them in a piecemeal manner! Thus while the Pakistani victory, thanks to tank numerical and qualitative superiority was a foregone conclusion, the cost in terms of equipment and loss of manpower was too high as the table included in the footnotes indicates.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Thus Shaukat Riza despite being granted limited autonomy to use his independent mind was forced to very tactfully admit while only citing the artillery aspect, that the attack plan lacked concentration. Shaukat thus wrote, " The guns had to be distributed to support attacking troops on a front of 30,000 yards. The Indians had only covering troops on the border outposts. The distribution of our artillery fire enabled them to delay our crossing of Munawar Tawi on 1st September".70&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Later events have led to some oversights in analysing "Operation Grand Slam" and writers have only talked about the change of command of the division which led to a literal "suspension of action" of full 24 hours in the division's advance. The first serious failure, however occurred on the first day of attack i.e 1st September due to faulty execution and lack of understanding of the key operational concept within 12 Division at brigade level. It was as a result of this misunderstanding that 12 Division failed to cross Tawi the first day despite the fact that it had reached it opposite Chamb at 0830 or 0855 hours on the morning of 1st September 1971.71&amp;nbsp;The Pakistani failure in crossing Tawi on the first day and securing Pallanwalla thereby throwing the Indians off balance can be squarely ascribed to poor execution of plans at brigade level&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;and divisional level. Brigadier A.A.K Chaudhry states in his book that the unnecessary delay occurred since the infantry brigade commander insisted on capture of Burjeal despite the fact that Gen Akhtar Hussain Malik had categorically ordered him to bypass it .72 This serious lapse led to delay of one day in crossing of Tawi and enabled the Indians to conduct an orderly withdrawal across Tawi during night 1st/2nd&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;September 1965. Thus the Indians were pushed back but not routed which was within 12 Divisions capability had the infantry brigade commander not got obsessed with Burjeal .&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The beauty of the Grand Slam plan i.e the&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;fact that the Pakistani Commander had the benefit of overwhelming numerical superiority of 6 to 1 in armour and the additional advantage of having no natural obstacle between the start line and Akhnur was thus lost on the very first day .Speed was the essence of the issue since the frontage of advance became narrower as the attackers advanced eastwards with the river Chenab closing in from&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;the south,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;and the high mountains closing in from the north making the defenders task easier and the attackers task more difficult.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;By&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;2050 Hours 1st September&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;191 Brigade defending Chamb started withdrawal towards Chamb while the 41 Mountain Brigade was ordered to occupy the Troti-Jaurian intermediate position. The Pakistani position despite all these imperial blunders was formidable when change of command was ordered and the Indians got another 24 hours to prepare their intermediate defence position at Troti-Jaurian. From 3rd September onwards progress of operations became slower although qualitative advantage in tanks enabled the Pakistanis to capture Jaurian , surprise was lost and the Indians were able to reinforce the sector with a third infantry brigade and a third AMX squadron. Surprise was lost and armour's freedom of manoeuvre became more and more limited as the total available frontage of advance became reduced by one sixth due to Chenab in the south and the mountains in the north.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;This is not the proper place to go into further details, which are the subject of an article, devoted entirely to Grand Slam in a future issue.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The Indian anti tank rifles caused maximum armour casualties on the first day of the battle. These were entirely avoidable had the bulk of the armour been concentrated and tasked to straight go for Pallanwalla rather than distributing it till battalion level. The real hero of the first day of Grand Slam was the rank and files both infantry and armour on both sides. The Indians were saved from total riot by the sheer grit and determination of their anti tank gunners and the most vulnerable AMX crews while Pakistanis lost their chance to rout the enemy because of inability to concentrate and obsession with Burjeal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_WcXygdDssoY/TUpgldaimPI/AAAAAAAAC7w/LIA0yS7dO7s/s1600/MILITARY+LEADERSHIP+AND+DECISION+MAKING.jpg" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 10px;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640px" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_WcXygdDssoY/TUpgldaimPI/AAAAAAAAC7w/LIA0yS7dO7s/s640/MILITARY+LEADERSHIP+AND+DECISION+MAKING.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="512px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;BATTLE OF CHAWINDA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The tank battles fought between Chawinda and Charwa from the 8th to 16th September are fit to be made subject of a Shakespearean comedy of errors. The Indian armour, at brigade level and divisional level, was handled in a highly incompetent and irresolute manner on 8th September ,despite the fact that both the commanders were from the armoured corps! The Indians enjoyed a five to one superiority, but unlike Grand Slam it was in number of tank regiments rather than number of tank squadrons , which makes the superiority&amp;nbsp;thrice as much effective!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Pakistan was saved by sheer coup d oeil by one man i.e Lieutenant Colonel Nisar of 25 Cavalry who in the classic Clausewitzian description was guided by a spark of purpose and a ray of hope in an intensely obscure situation at a time when no Pakistani headquarter, brigade, divisional or corps was aware, and I would say with conviction, thankfully so, of the exact operational situation.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 class="date-header" style="font: normal normal bold 12px/normal Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #222222; letter-spacing: inherit; margin: inherit; padding: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /&gt;WEDNESDAY, MARCH 9, 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class="date-posts"&gt;&lt;div class="post-outer"&gt;&lt;div class="post hentry" style="margin-bottom: 25px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="" name="156093655180954924"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="font: normal normal normal 24px/normal Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.75em;"&gt;Battle of Chawinda&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="post-header" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="post-header-line-1"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-156093655180954924" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4; width: 520px;"&gt;&lt;div dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="0" style="width: 668px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height="0" width="660"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="background-color: #fff9ee; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-3Y5zVwImPYE/TXeVNDIbc0I/AAAAAAAAEms/rwgdhnnvNes/s1600/E+Comedy+of+Errors.jpg" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="454" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-3Y5zVwImPYE/TXeVNDIbc0I/AAAAAAAAEms/rwgdhnnvNes/s640/E+Comedy+of+Errors.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;17 Poona Horse which was advancing on the left towards Tharoah commenced its advance two squadrons up but soon changed to one squadron up because of the limited fields of fire and observation that made command and control, extremely difficult.It came in contact with 25 Cavalry at 0945 hours in Tharoh area and was also checked like 16 Light Cavalry. According to Gurcharan Singh some firing took place in between the tanks of 16 Light Cavalry and 17&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Poona Horse37. This happened because the inter regiment gap between both the regiments was too less. 'C' Squadron 62 Cavalry which was tasked to provide left flank protection to the 1st Armoured Division's advance was delayed as its tanks got bogged down while inside Indian territory .When half of this squadron did finally got going and crossed the border at 1000 hours it went south towards Zafarwal by some misunderstanding after crossing the Degh Nala instead of advancing parallel and north of the Degh Nala as originally ordered!This squadron crossed the Degh Nala and reached Zafarwal in Pakistani territory absolutely unopposed and later recrossed the Degh Nala to go north once it probably realised that it was supposed to stay north of Degh Nala!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;Once this squadron was recrossing the Degh Nala it was engaged by an Indian artillery battery providing fire support to the 1st Armoured brigade,which naturally mistook it for Pakistani tanks seeing it approach from south of Degh Nala.In turn this squadron also opened fire on the Indian battery which they thought to be a Pakistani battery destroying several guns and vehicles!38&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;By 1300 hours Brigadier K.K Singh Commander 1st Armoured Brigade was a mentally defeated man.He reached the conclusion that 'He was held up by at least two Patton regiments and that there was no possibility of advancing&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;direct towards Phillora without suffering unacceptable losses'.He was further unnerved by reports of a 'raid by enemy tanks on guns and soft vehicles' (which in reality was the firing between 62 Cavalry's tanks coming recrossing Degh Nadi!)39 Commander 1 Armoured Brigade concluded that 'his line of communication was not secure'40&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;and 'decided to adopt a defensive posture for the security of his command at 1400 hours issued orders withdrawing the brigade into a 'box' around Sabzpir cross roads! The 17 Poona Horse which had encountered opposition but was taking positive measures to deal with it was also withdrawn and deployed to cover the eastern flank in the area,and the 4 Hodson's Horse was also detailed to defend the southern flank41. All this was happening at a time when there was just 25 Cavalry in front of the whole 1st Indian Armoured Division!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;The readers may note that the Indians were not lacking in valour as cheap propaganda conducted in Pakistan after 1965 claimed but phenomenally incompetent at unit and brigade level. Their right forward unit 17 Poona Horse could have easily outflanked 25 Cavalry's 'Alpha Squadron'. Major Shamshad a direct participant thus rightly observed in his article that 'There is a big gap, about six miles wide, between Hasri Nala and Degh Nala which could have provided a safe passage to 17 Poona Horse up to Pasrur. No troops were deployed to defend this area. It appears that they did try to advance but the higher headquarters held them back. I say so because I saw trackmarks of Centurions in Seowal on 19th September.' 42 It may be noted that the 43 Lorried Brigade advance on the other axis also went diasastorously, less due to enemy opposition and more due to poor&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;as well as inefficient execution.The 43 Lorried Brigade which was supposed to commence advance at 0600 hours commenced advance five hours late at 1100 hours because its leading unit 8 Garhwal reached the start line much later than planned,and got delayed as soon as it commenced advance due to poor traffic control ! No men with landmines tied to their chests were needed in face of such phenomenally incmpetent staff and battle procedures!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="background-color: #fff9ee; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CnZGpYvNSJs/TaMqAiaS-5I/AAAAAAAAGzY/DW4wnqg7Ly4/s1600/m48.jpg" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="468" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CnZGpYvNSJs/TaMqAiaS-5I/AAAAAAAAGzY/DW4wnqg7Ly4/s640/m48.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;43&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Lorried&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Brigade led by 2 Lancers finally reached Sabzpir cross roads at 1530 hours where tanks of the Indian 1st Armoured Brigade opened fire on Indian Armoured Corps's 2 Lancers&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;mistaking them for Pakistani tanks and in the process destroyed two Indian tanks including CO 2 Lancers tank!43&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="background-color: #fff9ee; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ws8iIMIlW8U/TaMqD5K12TI/AAAAAAAAGzc/aU4lWKrWT8E/s1600/LM-87025.jpg" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="381" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ws8iIMIlW8U/TaMqD5K12TI/AAAAAAAAGzc/aU4lWKrWT8E/s640/LM-87025.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;Thus 43 Lorried brigade also harboured at Sabzpir cross roads.Gurcharan Singh's verdict on the Indian 1st Armoured Division's performance is worth quoting and is also a tribute to 25 Cavalry, the only unit of the Pakistan Army that did on 8th September 1965 what no other unit of Pakistan Army ever did and most probably would ever do again.44 Gurcharan thus wrote; 'The first days battle could not have got off to a&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;worse start. The Armoured Brigade had been blocked by two squadrons of Pattons and in the first encounter the brigade had lost more tanks than the enemy had....whole of 1 Corps had gained a few kilometres...&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="background-color: #fff9ee; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-Oa5jDJyPRwE/TXeVPZov1bI/AAAAAAAAEmw/MdeUnmoQuzI/s1600/f+3+REASONS.jpg" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="464" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-Oa5jDJyPRwE/TXeVPZov1bI/AAAAAAAAEmw/MdeUnmoQuzI/s640/f+3+REASONS.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="background-color: #fff9ee; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="background-color: #fff9ee; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="background-color: #fff9ee; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-egbrq6TlyFE/TXeVRwT2iNI/AAAAAAAAEm4/MSp9YB-9pkk/s1600/H+OPTIONS+AVAILABLE+TO+INDIANS.png" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="498" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-egbrq6TlyFE/TXeVRwT2iNI/AAAAAAAAEm4/MSp9YB-9pkk/s640/H+OPTIONS+AVAILABLE+TO+INDIANS.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="background-color: #fff9ee; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #222222;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="background-color: #fff9ee; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7KqZd31YRjI/TaMpsNso8OI/AAAAAAAAGzU/fqYwYnxQkXU/s1600/7+%25281%2529.jpg" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7KqZd31YRjI/TaMpsNso8OI/AAAAAAAAGzU/fqYwYnxQkXU/s640/7+%25281%2529.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="524" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;After 9th September when the Pakistani&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;6 Armoured Division and later the 1st Armoured Division beefed up Pakistani strength it was no longer a question of valour or superior generalship but simple,unimaginative frontal battle with both sides having equal number of tanks.Keeping&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;this background in mind&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;we will not waste much stationery on the battles around Chawinda after 9th September.48&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;These battles like Phillora etc are good motivational topics for indoctrinating the other ranks but little else. The real issue was decided on 8th September 1965 and not by Tikka Khan 49&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;etc but by Nisar and his officers&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;and men around Gadgor!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="background-color: #fff9ee; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ubC2UwQmZSc/TaMpMHzVy0I/AAAAAAAAGy0/6-lSLdAiXqc/s1600/1.jpg" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ubC2UwQmZSc/TaMpMHzVy0I/AAAAAAAAGy0/6-lSLdAiXqc/s640/1.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The Indians fought as bravely as the Pakistanis till tank regiment level but their rot started from brigade and division downwards! Nisar deployed two of his squadrons between Gadgor and Degh Nala in an extended line and his regiment engaged the Indians in such a terrific manner that the Indians in words of their tank corps historian lost more tanks that day than were held in total by 25 Cavalry opposing them and were blocked by just two tank squadrons!73 These are words of praise from the enemy, for a man who was promoted to the rank of brigadier with great difficulty and was dumped later, while many far more incompetent and clerk type men rose to much higher ranks after both 1965 and 1971!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="date-posts"&gt;&lt;div class="post-outer"&gt;&lt;div class="post hentry" style="margin-bottom: 25px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-156093655180954924" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4; width: 520px;"&gt;&lt;div dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;table border="0" style="width: 668px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height="0" width="660"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-cFs7Mde0DpI/TXeUwhVR9sI/AAAAAAAAEmg/yNdvrhaSKpM/s1600/A+Chawina+Indian+War+Plan.jpg" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-cFs7Mde0DpI/TXeUwhVR9sI/AAAAAAAAEmg/yNdvrhaSKpM/s640/A+Chawina+Indian+War+Plan.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="570" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="background-color: #fff9ee; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--DvKcFZR2LQ/TaMpOmT6NZI/AAAAAAAAGzA/FvHiL8SLHrE/s1600/7.jpg" style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #ff1900; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--DvKcFZR2LQ/TaMpOmT6NZI/AAAAAAAAGzA/FvHiL8SLHrE/s640/7.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="524" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The Pakistanis thus got three valuable days to bring up more tank regiments and the battles from 11th to 16th September were fought under conditions which commenced with near parity in tanks and soon transformed by 16th September into superiority in tanks in favour of Pakistanis . The fact that Indians enjoyed superiority in infantry was largely irrelevant since Pakistani tanks had limited their space for manoeuvre and the Indian infantry superiority could have been effective in only a post breakout phase. But breakout after 12th September was not possible since Pakistan's 1st Armoured Division had reinforced the Pakistani position.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SaesRXf5bRg/TaMpR8tZlAI/AAAAAAAAGzQ/EK94tWNJkP8/s1600/SPARROW.jpg" style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #ff1900; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SaesRXf5bRg/TaMpR8tZlAI/AAAAAAAAGzQ/EK94tWNJkP8/s640/SPARROW.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="524" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;BATTLE OF&amp;nbsp;KHEM KARAN VALTOHA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Battle of Khem Karan-Valtoha proved that although politically Pakistan and India were two nations, intellectually both were one nation composed of highly incompetent men beyond colonel level. Here Pakistani armour enjoyed a seven to one superiority in tanks in terms of total troops available but were unable to pump their armour inside the enemy territory in time thus enabling the Indians to recover from surprise from 8th September onwards. The Indians were initially so demoralised that their infantry division commander requested to be relieved by another division.74&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Pakistan's 5th Armoured Brigade could have outflanked the Indian 4th Mountain Division on the 7th and 8th of September had it concentrated its tank strength and developed the battle from one direction. Instead one tank regiment was sent towards the right while one was sent towards the left and centre, thus reducing the potential superiority to near parity. All gains made by armour during the daytime were squandered since the armoured brigade commander insisted that all tanks be parked in front of his brigade headquarter after last light! This as a matter of fact was a British tradition 75 but even the rationale why the British did so mostly in North Africa was not applicable in the Indo-Pak scenario. (See Analysis for further elaboration). By 10th September the Indians had reinforced the sector and although they were outnumbered in tanks by five to two till the end, bad terrain and inability of the Pakistani armour to breakout of the bottle neck between Nikasu Nala and Rohi Nala while the Indians were demoralised in vastly outnumbered in number of total available tanks from 6th to 8th September led to a stagnation and stalemate by 11th September. Thus all the advantages of initial surprise and superiority in numbers were nullified due to poor staff work, poor initial planning, faulty execution as a result of which numerical superiority was not fully realised due to poor terrain and lack of freedom of manoeuvre.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;BATTLE OF LAHORE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The role of armour in the battle for Lahore was limited . Indian armour was divided down to squadron level and played a negligible role on 6th and 7th September. In any case their Shermans were no match to Pakistan's Pattons of which the 23 Cavalry held two squadrons.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The Pakistani tank/infantry counterattack on 8th September however produced a crisis of operational level in the 15 Indian Division. On 8th September as a result of Pakistani armour/infantry counterattack an Indian infantry brigade became so demoralised that two of its units simply abandoned their defences and bolted away, leading to a situation where the Indians had to reinforce it with a&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;fresh infantry brigade76, however certainly did cause an operational crisis in the 15 Indian Division on 8th September thereby seriously&amp;nbsp;weakening the Indian resolve to capture Lahore. The Indian armoured corps historian did not take a similar view77, however as cited earlier this fact is well attested in the "War Despatches" of General Harbaksh Singh. Absence of Pakistani tanks at Dograi due to poor map reading and confusion in orders78&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;however played a major part in Indian recapture of Dograi on 21/22 September 1965. In short, tanks played a relatively significant but limited role in the battle of Lahore since the BRB strictly limited their mobility.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 660px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="center" colspan="3" width="658"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;INTER WAR YEARS-1965-1971&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="center" colspan="3" width="658"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;The following table illustrates the inter war changes in the armoured corps:—&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="184"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;EXISTING REGIMENTS TILL 1965&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="192"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;REGIMENTS RAISED FROM 1965 TILL DECEMBER 1971&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="278"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;REMARKS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="184"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;13 Lancers,10 Guides Cavalry,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="192"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;26 Cavalry, 27 Cavalry,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan="4" width="278"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;30,31,32 &amp;amp; 33 TDU were redesignated as cavalry regiments after the 1965 War . 29 Cavalry was stationed in East Pakistan.Some ad hoc squadrons were also raised one of which later became 39 Cavalry and one i.e 5 Independent Squadron survived the reorganisation after the war by becoming training squadron of School of Armour.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="184"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;11 Cavalry, 6 Lancers.5 Horse,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="192"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;28 Cavalry, 29 Cavalry,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="184"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;19 Lancers, 12 Cavalry,15 Lancers,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="192"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;38 Cavalry,51 Lancers.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="184"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;4 Cavalry ,20 Lancers, 22 Cavalry,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="192"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="184"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;23 Cavalry,24 Cavalry, 25 Cavalry,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="192"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="184"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;30 TDU,31 TDU,32 TDU,33 TDU.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="192"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="278"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="184"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;EXISTING HEADQUARTERS IN 1965&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="192"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;HEADQUARTERS RAISED&amp;nbsp;FROM 1965 TO 1971&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor="#000000" width="278"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="184"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;1ST Armoured Division&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="192"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;2nd Armoured Brigade&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan="5" width="278"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;2nd and 8th Independent Brigade HQ were raised in&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;2nd Half of 1970.8th Armoured Brigade was corps reserve of 1 Corps while 2nd Armoured Brigade was under command 23 Division in the war. 3rd Armoured Brigade was directly under HQ 4 Corps in Ravi-Sutlej Corridor.7th and 9th Armoured Brigades were part of 6th Armoured Division and 4th and 5th Armoured Brigades were part of 1st Armoured Division.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="184"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;6th Armoured Division&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="192"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;7th Armoured Brigade&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="184"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;3rd Armoured Brigade&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="192"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;8th Armoured Brigade&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="184"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;4th Armoured Brigade&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="192"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;9th Armoured Brigade&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="184"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;5th Armoured Brigade&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="192"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;EMPLOYMENT IN 1971&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;BATTLE OF CHAMB&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;attle of Chamb fought in 1971 was the only battle in Indo Pak where a force of armoured brigade level was successfully employed by an infantry general in an offensive manner to achieve a successful breakthrough. This battle was covered in great detail by this scribe in DJ's September 1999&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;issue. First the 23 Division tried to make a breakthrough from the north but once this failed General Eftikhar Khan in the classic German manner made a swift re-assessment and regrouped his forces to launch an attack from the south towards Chak Pandit as a result of which the Indians abandoned Chamb Salient. It was a classic case of dislocating the enemy commander's mental equilibrium. Eftikhar by redeploying and changing direction of armour attack did something which three of his division's infantry brigades had failed to do while attacking frontally! Eftikhar later planned another outflanking thrust at Pallanwalla but his efforts were frustrated due to&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;two&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;irresolute as well as incompetent brigade commanders which included his armoured brigade commander who was unable to concentrate his tank and infantry units and&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;was many times publicly abused by him for incompetence and irresolution!79&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_8bEdZGbBsg0/TPhyV_lSKGI/AAAAAAAAMzs/oLBmz1IIKPI/s1600/RESOLUTION+4.jpg" style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-bottom-color: red; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 10px;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_8bEdZGbBsg0/TPhyV_lSKGI/AAAAAAAAMzs/oLBmz1IIKPI/s640/RESOLUTION+4.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="456" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;BATTLE OF SHAKARGARH BULGE/BARAPIND&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The Battles fought in Shakargarh Bulge and at Bara Pind-Jarpal were the second major battles of the 1971 war as far as armour was concerned.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Two major tank operations were conducted here. I will only quote few lines from the Indian Armoured Corps History to describe the first i.e delaying battle of Changez Force, which was conducted by the indomitable Brigadier Nisar of 25 Cavalry of Chawinda fame. The Indian historian thus noted Nisar's brilliance, something that the Pakistani selection boards later failed to note, as following; "Pak armour functioned well in the role of covering troops. It managed to delay a superior armour force for a longer period than it could have planned for".80&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;other major tank battle i.e the Pakistani armoured brigade counter attack at Bara Pind was one of the most&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;heroic, but tragic affairs in the history of&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Indo Pak wars. The initial rot started at Corps level where the commander who had served in staff jobs, despised artillery81 and had vague&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ideas about tank warfare. He viewed the armoured brigade as a hammer meant to crush an enemy by a direct assault rather than a dynamic operational entity used for dislocation or disruption of enemy plans. The armoured brigade thus initially did nothing in the first twelve days of the war as happens in all successful model discussions at the staff college and the defence college, but was finally ordered to eliminate an enemy force which had achieved a limited breakthrough. Two major failures occurred here. One was at brigade level in failure to incorporate artillery in the brigade plans82. The major failure here occurred at armoured regiment level when one tank regiment ordered to contain the enemy penetration instead attacked the enemy frontally like the Light Brigade with nominal artillery support and suffered very heavy tank casualties. A second tank regiment was then launched which contained the bridgehead established by an Indian tank regiment, suffering heavy but relatively less losses once compared with the first regiment! On the Indian side the situation was equally dismal, as far as higher leadership at brigade level was concerned, and the day was saved only by "a very gallant last-ditch stand&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;by three tanks of Poona Horse"83 commanded&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;by a Punjabi Hindu subaltern from Sargodha district!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;DESERT SECTOR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The Pakistani attack in the desert sector with two tank regiments was another Quixotic effort which failed because of poor inter arm cooperation between the army and the airforce and was a battle in which two Indian Hunter aircraft84 engaged a tank regiment caught in the open desert without anti-aircraft cover or aerial support and was forced to withdraw after suffering heavy losses.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="background-color: #fff9ee; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wksypopxXo0/TaMrxAytBqI/AAAAAAAAGzo/SZNA1QbrgtA/s1600/CARLISLE.jpg" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wksypopxXo0/TaMrxAytBqI/AAAAAAAAGzo/SZNA1QbrgtA/s640/CARLISLE.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="576" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="background-color: #fff9ee; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QMYq6fMSoFA/TaMrxxhn5LI/AAAAAAAAGzs/YkwfriyZhvE/s1600/leavenworth.jpg" style="color: #ff1900; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QMYq6fMSoFA/TaMrxxhn5LI/AAAAAAAAGzs/YkwfriyZhvE/s640/leavenworth.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="576" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;THE 2 CORPS&amp;nbsp;COUNTER OFFENSIVE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The Pakistani 2 Corps offensive involving attack by an armour and infantry division which was never executed has remained a subject of much speculation and controversy . Indian Western Command C in C Lieutenant General Candeth has acknowledged that had this operation been launched between 8 and 26 October, it could have caused serious disruption in Indian plans to attack East Pakistan.85 Once the war started the Indians had brought their armoured division opposite the Pakistani division and the resultant clash would have been "a futile frontal bloody clash of armour".86&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;One observer who was Tikka's contemporary has opined that the 2 Corps Commander i.e&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Lieutenant General Tikka Khan "had neither the ability to handle such a large force, nor the experience&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;of such a war".87 The observer in this case may be dismissed as one saying so out of professional rivalry, but a&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;dispassionate glance at handling of armour in all three Indo Pak wars beyond tank regiment level, by both armour and non-armour officers gives great substance to this criticism. Major General Eftikhar the lone exception is an altogether different case. Such men are born once in many centuries. In any case&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Eftikhar took immense pains in learning about armour by attending a short but effective basic course at the School of Armour Nowshera where his photograph as a general officer student was hanging in the Communication Group as I last saw it in January 1984. In addition Eftikhar had very effectively commanded the 6 Armoured Division before the 1971 war.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;POST-1971&amp;nbsp;DEVELOPMENTS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;LESSONS OF 1971 WAR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;There is no doubt that&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;the armoured corps learnt a great deal from 1971 war, specially as far as integration of artillery in armour attack and brigade level attacks were concerned. It was, however, a case of preparing for a war which had already been fought. The Indo Pak difference in conventional forces continued to increase after the 1971 war and the whole strategic scenario was transformed after India's nuclear blast in 1974.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;No major lesson was, however, learnt in higher organisation and the armoured corps continued as it had before 1971 as far as higher organisation was concerned. The armour had not been tested at divisional level and no major reappraisal at divisional level was undertaken.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;More armoured regiments were raised by milking the existing units and eliminating the fourth tank troop in each tank squadron.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;THE 1984 AND&amp;nbsp;1987 WAR SCARES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Pakistan concluded a major arms deal with the US in 1981 but the urgent need to modernise/upgrade the&amp;nbsp;armour was not realised since the military junta was enjoying siphoning the fruits of massive US aid into private bank accounts. Thus once Indira Gandhi mobilised her forces in the wake of the Sikh Insurgency and concentrated them close to the border in mid-September Pakistani armour was in bad shape both technically as well as maintenance wise having the same old 1966-71 T-59 tanks. War looked imminent but the tension de-escalated after Indira Gandhi's assassination.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;In 1987 again Pakistani armour was qualitatively inferior having the same 1971 T-59's albeit new or reconditioned vis-a-vis Indian&amp;nbsp;T-72s. War looked imminent in January 1987 but did not break out due to sheer irresolution on Rajiv Gandhi's part. Later much propaganda was done in Pakistan about some visionary soldiers but as this scribe wrote in a letter published in one of the most prestigious&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;journals of the Pakistan Army "As far as BRASS TACKS is concerned, I beg to submit that there was no countermove with the deliberate intention to frighten the Indians.The move of the Strategic Reserve (Pakistan's 2 Corps) from Cholistan to Ravi-Sutlej Corridor was a purely defensive move. If Sunderji lost his nerve then it was a matter of pure chance otherwise the Pakistani intention was never to unnerve Sunderji but to get its strategic reserve to a more central location which it occupied in both 1965 and 1971 wars. Later on with benefit of hindsight some people here did attempt to make the effort appear as a visionary soldier's piece of military genius".88 The readers may note that this assertion was&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;not challenged by anyone which either means that the staff college magazine is either distributed in graveyards or no one has the time or energy to read or contest anything!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The situation in 1987 was most grave for Pakistani armour at least technically and numerically and the Indians due to sheer irresolution lost a golden chance to impose a military solution which in the post- Chaghi scenario is no longer possible. One explanation of the Pakistani armoured division's withdrawal north of Sutlej lies in Pakistani governments desire not to provoke the Indians. Technically, however, Pakistan Armour was not in a reasonable shape to fight a war in January 1987.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;NEW RAISINGS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;1971-1994 AND OTHER DEVELOPMENTS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;New raisings were done 
